1. To study a subject best, understand it thoroughly before you start.
2.The fellow who never makes a mistake takes his orders from one who does.
3. Never insult an alligator until after you have crossed the river
4. Men marry women with the hope they will never change. Women marry men with the hope they will change. Invariably they are both disappointed.
5.You cannot get to the top by sitting on your bottom.
6. Parents can tell but never teach, unless they practice what they preach.
7. Half of the people in the world are below average
8.Love is temporary insanity curable by marriage
9. A conclusion is simply the place where someone got tired of thinking
10.It is easier to fight for principles than to live up to them
I am sure you will enjoy them.
Thursday, 20 May 2010
Waxyeellada sigaarka iyo buuriga
Waxyeellada sigaarka iyo buuriga
Waxaa diyaariyay:
Dr. C/qaadir C/llaahi Cumar (Dr.Insi)
Kulliyadda Caafimaadka,
Jaamacadda UST, Sanca, Yemen.
Email: insi12@hotmail.com ama insiyare@yahoo.co.uk
Qeybta 1aad….
Qeybaha ay ka koobantahay diraasaddan:-
1. Arar.
2. Halka ay ka soo jeeddo tubaakada asal ahaan.
3. Tirada dadka cabba sigaarka dunida oo idil. (qiyaaso la sameeyay).
4. Walxaha ku jira sigaarka.
5. Qiiqa sigaarka imisa ayaa loo qeybiyaa?
6. Walxaha ku jira sigaarka ee kansarka dhaliya
7. Qabatinka Nikotiinka iyo hidda wadayaasha.
8. Halista caafimaad ee walxaha ku jira tubaakada.
9. Sigaar cabidda darajada labaad. Maxaa loola jeedaa?
10. Sababaha keena cabbidda sigaarka.
11. Sababaha keena sii wadidda cabidda sigaarka.
12. Deegaannada caalamka iyo cabidda sigaarka.
13. Diinteena islaamka maxay ka qabtaa sigaarka?
14. Side loola dagaallami karaa sigaarka iyo guud ahaan tubaakada?
15. Sidee ujoojin karaa qofka caba sigaarka?
16. Qorshaha joojinta sigaarka.
17. Maxaad ku bedeli kartaa nikotiinka?
18. Faa'iidooyinka joojinta sigaarka.
19. Gunaanad.
Arar
Qormadan haddii Alle ii oggolaado waxaan kaga hadli doonaa, waxyeellada caafimaad ee ay leedahay tubaakada si guud, sigaarkana si gaar ah. Anigoo cilmi ku salayn doono waxaana soo qaadan doono diraasado caalami ah oo dunida lagu soo bandhigay, tiro koobyo ay samaysay WHO oo ka hadlaya baahsanaanta balwaddan iyo aragtiyada diinta ee ku aaddan sigaarka. Waxaan kaloo jeclahay inaan soo bandhigo talooyin ku aaddan hababka qofka balwaddan isticmaala ka saacidi kara joojinteeda, anigoo si kooban usoo bandhigayo faa'iidooyinka uu ka helayo haddii uu joojiyo balwaddan. Waxaan kaloo soo bandhigi doonnaa haddii Eebbe laga helo, hababka loola dagaallami karo loona ciribtiri karo balwaddan caalamka oo idil fara ba'an ku haysa.
Tubaakadu halkay ka timid asal ahaan?
Sigaarku ma ahayn wax caalamku yaqiinay wixi ka horreeyay heliddii qaaradda Ameerika, dabadeedna gumaystayaashii reer yurub ee qaaraddaas qabsaday ayaa usoo qaaday yurub, halkaasna kaga sii faaftay dunida inteeda kale.
Tirada dadka cabba sigaarka dunida oo idil:-
Inkastoo dhammaan noocyada tubaakadu (sigaarka, buurida, badeecadda) ay waxyeello leeyihiin, haddana kan ugu caansan uguna waxyeello badan waa sigaaarka qiiqiisa la cabbo. Ururka caafimaadka adduunka ayaa ku waramay in sanadkii 1998ki dad gaarayay 1.235 bilyan oo qof ay cabbayeen sigaarka, iyadoo dadka dunida tiradooda ay ahayd 5.926 bilyan oo qof, tiradaas dadka cabba sigaarka ayaa sii kordhayso, waxaana la filayaa in sanadka 2020ka ay gaarto 1.671 bilyan oo qof.
Waxyeelada caafimaad ee buuriga waa mid muhiim ah, waxa ayna ku xirantahay hadba sida loo cuno (la calaliyo, la ursado ama la dhuuqo) iyo xaddiga la cunayo. Waxyeelada caafimaad ee sigaarka oo ah kan ugu isticmaalka badan buurida, waxaa ka mid ah kansarka sambabada, cudurrada ku dhaca wadnaha iyo wareegga dhiigga.ururka caafimaadka adduunka waxa uu ku qiyaasay sanadki 2002, in waddamada horumaray dhimashada ragga 26% iyo dumarka 9% lala xariiriyay cabbista sigaarka. Waddamada soo korayo ayaa lagu waramay in isticmaalka buurida ay kor ukacdo 3.4% sanad kasta.
Walxaha ku jira sigaarka
Sigaarku waxa uu ka koobanyahay kudhawaad 4000 oo walxood oo isugu jira hawo iyo walxo kiimikaad oo qabsada sambabada. Hawooyinka waxaa ugu caansan; Karboon hal oksaydh (CO), Haydarojiin siyanayd (hydrogen cyanide), ammooniya, nitrojiin oksaydh. Walxaha kale ee kiimikaad waxaa ugu caansan nikotiin, binsiin, daamur iyo bolooniyam.
b) Haydarojiin siyanayd: waa sun loo isticmaalo qolalka dadka lagu toogto hawada.
t) D.D.T.: waa sun cayayaanka lagu buufiyo.
j) Methanol: waa shidaalka lagu shubo sawaariikhda (gantaallada).
x) Asitoon: waxaa lagu dhaqaa midabada si loo tir tiro.
Kh) Ammoniya: waxaa lagu nadiifiyaa dhulka sibirka ah.
d) Tolowin: waxaa loo adeegsadaa warshadaynta si wax loo milo.
r) Finool: waxaa lagu nadiifiyaa weelasha iyo sibirrada.
s) Biyotin: waa gaaska ku jira janta siigarka (wallaacadda).
sh) Kadmiyom: waxaa loo isticmaalaa batariyada baabuurta.
dh) Karboon hal oksaydh (CO): waa neef sun ah oo ku jirta qiiqa baabuurta.
Qiiqa ka dhasha cabbidda sigaarka waxaa loo kala qaybiyaa 2 qeyb oo kala ah:-
1- Qaybta tooska ah: waa qiiqa uu liqayo qofka cabayo sigaarka, oo ah 15% xaddiga qiiqa ka baxayo sigaarka, waxa ayna ka koobantahay walxo si dhaqso ah loo gubay, sidaa awgeed isu uruursanaantoodu way yartahay ilaa xad.
2- Qeybta aan tooska ahayn: waa qiiqa uu tufayo qofka cabayo sigaarka, waxa ayna gaareysaa 85% qiiqa sigaarka ka baxaya, waxaana ku jira maaddooyin si tartiib ah u gubtay, sidaa awgeed isu uruursanaanteedu way sareeysaa, waxyeeladeeduna wuu ka daranyahay kan tooska ah, gaar ahaan dadka muddo dheer u banbaxayay qiiqaas, sida carruurta qofka cabba sigaarka, xaaskiisa iyo dadka kula nool hooyga ama goobta shaqada la jooga.
Walxaha ku jira sigaarka ee kansarka dhaliya:
Cabidda qiiqa buurida waxaa ku jira tiro aad u badan oo ah walxo awood badan oo keena kansarka, sida; akroliin iyo benzobayrin.Qofka oo muddo dheer u banbaxo ama la kulmo walxaha ku jira sigaarka sida karboon hal oksaydh, siyanaydh iyo isku dhisyada kale ee waxyeeleeya sambabka iyo unugyada halbowlayaasha ayaa la rumeysanyahay inay masuul ka yihiin waxyeelaynta wadnaha iyo jilicsanaanta kiisaska hawada ee sambabada, taasoo keenaysa emphysema iyo COPD. Maaddada akroliin ee kansarka dhalisa iyo kuwa kale ee iyada laga soo dhiraandhiriyay ayaa sidoo kale keena xanuuno dabadheeraada oo ku dhaca neefmareenka [[1]].
1- Walxaha kansarka dhaliya ee noole ka soo jeeda (organic carcinogenes):-
Waxaa ku jira sigaarka in kabdan 19 walxood oo kansarka dhaliya[[2]], kuwa ugu awoodda badanna waxaa ka mid ah:-
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: waa walxo sidoo kale laga helo daamurka ama laamiga, waana maaddo aad u keenta kansarka. Waxaa kale oo ay keenaan isbedel ku yimaada hidda sidayaasha (genetic mutation).
Akroliin, Nitrosamines
Nikotiin: waa kan ugu caansan walxaha ku jira sigaarka, mana ahan oo qura kansar dhaliye, ee waxa uu dardar geliyaa kobcidda burooyinka halista ah (tumors).
2- Walxaha kansarka dhaliya ee shucaaca leh (Radioactive carcinogens):
Marka laga soo tago walxaha kansarka dhaliya ee aan shucaaca, waxaa ku jira sigaarka xaddi yar oo lead-210 (210Pb) iyo polonium-210 (210Po) labadoodaba waa kansar dhaliyayaal bixiya shucaac. Curiyahan Lead 210 waxaa laga dhaliyaa burburka curiyaha radium-226, burburkeeda waxaa ka soo baxa radon-222; lead 210 kaddibna wuxuu usii burburaa bismuth-210 iyo polonium 210, iyadoo soo saarta qurubyada biita (beta particles) labada tallaababa. Walxaha ay ka koobanyihiin curiyayaashan ayaa dabadeed dega sambabada qofka sigaarka cabba, iyagoo ciriiri geliya socodka hawada; waxaana la soo helay in uruursanaanta walxahaas ay ku badanyihiin halka ay ku kala qeybsamaan bronchioles in kabadan 100 jeer inta ku jirta isku darka dhammaan sambabada. Tan oo ka dhigaysa in dadka sigaarka cabba la kulmayaan waxyeelo ka badan dadka kale. Tusaale ahaan Polonium 210, waxa uu soo saaraa walxaha aadka u tamarta badan ee loo yaqaan qurubyada alfa (alpha particles), taasoo cufkeeda awgii, lagu tiriyo inaaney dhexgeli karin maqaarka in kabadan 40 micrometres, balse sameysa waxyeelo badan (oo lagu qiyaasay 100 jibbaar ka badan waxyeelada ay hidde wadayaasha ugeystaan shucaacyada kale) marka hab sigaarka oo kale uu ku keenayo in lagu soo saaro jirka gudahiisa, halkaas oo dhammaan tamarta lagu soo saaro ay nuugayaan unugyada jirka ee la deriska ah. (Lead 210 wuxuu sidoo kale soo saaraa shucaaca gamma).
Curiyayaasha shucaaca bixiya ee ku jira tubaakada waxa ay ka mid yihiin macdanta badan ee ku jirta ciidda, balse dusha sare ee caleenta dheg dhegga leh ee buurida ayay ku soo dhegaan si ka badan geedaha kale oo aan lahayn sifadan. Si la filan karana shucaaca ka yimaada tubaakada way kala duwanyihiin, waxa ayna ku xiranyihiin hadba halka iyo sida uu u koray geedka tubaakada.
Waxaa laga helay beerka sigaar cabbayaasha xaddi aad ufara badan oo ah curiyaha polonium 210, kana badan dadka aan cabin sigaarka. Curiyahan waxa uu la midoobaa unugyada lafaha, isagoo shucaac joogta ah ku bixiya dhuuxa ku jira lafaha, waxa uuna sabab weyn unoqon karaa kansarka dhiigga ku dhaca ee loo yaqaan (leukemia), inkastoo tani aan weli la xaqiijin.
Qabatinka Nikotiinka iyo hidda wadayaasha:
B) Qurubka Nikotiin (Nicotine molecule):
Iyadoo la tixraacayo seddex diraasadood oo kala gooni ah oo fangareeyeen dawladaha yurub iyo mareykanka, ayaa saynisyahannada waxay ku qeexeen in xiriir hidde wade uu jiro oo dadka ka dhigaya inay aad u qabatimaan buurida. Kala duwanaashaha dhaxaleed ayaana dadka qaar ka dhigaya inuu cabbo sigaar fara badan, dhibna ay ku noqoto joojinta cabiddiisa, isagoo suurta galnimada inuu ku dhaco kansarka sambabadana uu kordho 80% [[3]].
Astaamaha hidda wadayaasha in ka badan 35,000 oo qof (oo badankood cabba ama cabbi jireen sigaarka) ayaa waxaa sahan ku sameeyay saynisyahanno 3 diraasadood oo kala gooni gooni ah, oo seddexdaba diiradda lagu saaray isla isbedellada dhaxaleed.
Kala duwanaashaha dhaxaleed ayaa warbixin ugudbisa soo dhaweeyayaasha (receptors) uu nikotiinka ku leeyahay unugyada, waxaana la gartay goob uu ku leeyahay chromosome 15 [[4]]. in isbedel ku yimaada hal nuqul ayaana kor uqaadi karto halista in qofka uu ku yimaada kansarka sambabada 30%, halka laba nuqul oo isbedel ahna ay 80% kor uqaadi karaan. Hiddo wadaha ayaa la ogaaday inuu sabab uyahay 14% xaaladaha kansarka sambabada.
T) Nikotiinka iyo qabatinka:
Nikotiinka ku jira sigaarka waa kiciye dhaliya dareen firfircooni ah, waxa uuna ka midyahay walxaha ugu muhiimsan ee keena in qofka sii wado cabidda buurida. Inkastoo xaddiga nikotiinka ee sigaarka ku jiraa uu yar yahay, haddana waxa uu weli ku filanyahay inuu keeno ku tiirsanaan xag jir iyo maskaxeedba ah. Xaddiga nikotiinka ee uu jirka ka nuugo sigaarka waxa ay ku xirantahay waxyaabo fara badan, waxaana ka mid ah nooca tubaakada, in la calaliyay iyo in la fiiltareeyay. Inkastoo sigaarka siyaabo kala duwan loo xayeysiiyay oo xataa lagu tijaabiyay mashiinno si loo yareeyo daamurka halista badan ee ku jira, haddana diraasado ayaa muujiyay in marka uu sigaarka cabo qof bani aadmi ahi (mashiinka bedelkiisa) ay ka helaan isla xaddiga qiiqi baxayay. Liqidda isku dhiska qiiqaas waa mid ka mid ah hababka ugu deg degsiinyaha badan ee dhiigga wax loo gaarsiiyo, waxaana ka horreeya oo qura cirbadda.
Celcelis ahaan waxay ku qaadanaysaa walxahaas inay ku gaaraan maskaxda 10 ilbiriqsi. Natiijada ka dhalata wax galnimada walxahan ayaa sigaar cabayaal badani waxay muujiyeen inaanay awoodin joojinta cabidda sigaarka. Kuwa isku dayaya joojinta sigaarka ee aan isku dhiibin nikotiinka 3 bilood way awoodaan inay sigaar la'aan noolaadaan inta ka hartay noloshooda [12]. Waxaa jira oo laga yaabaa in mooraal dillaac ku dhaco dadka isku dayaya joojinta sigaarka, sida walxaha kale ee maskaxda saameeya. Mooraal dillaacu waxa u ku badanyahay dhlinyarada da'doodu u dhexeysa 13-19 sano jir ee sigaarka caba, waxa ayna afar jibaar kaga dhawyihiin asaagooda aan sigaarka cabbin[[5]].
Nikotiinka waxa uu door ka cayaaraa dhacdooyinka daran ee cudurrada qaar (sida maskaxda oo dhiig ku furma, tabar darro galmoodka ah, iyo cudurrada wadnaha), isagoo sababa soo daynta Adrenalin, oo sare uqaadda cadaadiska dhiigga,iyo garaaca wadnaha.
Halista caafimaad ee walxaha ku jira tubaakada:
Sigaar cabbayaasha joogtada ah waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay noolaadaan 2.5[[6]] ilaa 10[[7]] sano in ka yar kuwa aan sigaarka cabbin, ilaa nus ka mid ah ragga sigaarka cabba ayaana u dhinta cudurro la xariira sigaarka [[8]]. Tusaale ahaan dalka maraykanka, Cudurrada lala xariiriyay sigaarka iyo guud ahaan buurida ayaa dila sanad walba ku dhawaad 438,000 oo muwaadiniin mareykan ah [[9]], maalintina waxaa udhimata 1200 oo mareykan ah, taasoo ah sababta ugu weyn ee keenta dhimasho laga hortagi karay dalka mareykanka. Ururka caafimaadka adduunka ayaa sheegay in tubaakadu ay keenayso dhimashada hal bilyan oo qof qarnigan gudahiisa [[10]].
Halista tubaakada waxay si gaar ah u keentaa cudurrada wadnaha, si gaar ah sigaarka waxa uu keenaa wadnaha oo shaqadiisa gaba (wadne istaag), cudurrada ku dhaca neefsadeenka sida cudurka sambaba xiranka ee daba dheeraada ''Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease'' (COPD) iyo cudurka buufsanka kiisaska hawada ee loo yaqaan (emphysema), iyo kansarka, gaar ahaan kansarka sambabada iyo kansarrada ku dhaca cunaha iyo afka. Sidoo kale waxay sii kordhisaa halista kansarka ku dhaca ganaca (pancreas) 75%. Wixi ka horreeyay dagaalki kowaad ee dunida, kansarka sambabada waxa uu ahaa wax aad dhif u ah oo dhaqaatiirta qaar aaney weligood arag xirfaddooda inta ay wadeen, balse dagaalki kaddib oo ay caan noqotay cabbista sigaarka, waxaa si safmar ah loo arkayay kansarka sambabada ku dhaca [[11]] [[12]]. Waxyeeladaa kor ku xusan waa kansarka sambabada ku dhaca oo qura.
Waxyeelada la xariira tabar darrada xagga galmoodka waxaa lagu qiyaasay 85% inay ku badanyihiin ragga cabba sigaarka marka la barbardhigo kuwa aan cabbin [[13]], waxa ayna fure utahay hawl gabnimada ku timaada sare u kaca xubinta taranka ragga (erectile dysfunction)[[14]][[15]], sigaarku waxa uu keenaa tabar darro galmoodka la xariira, waayo waxa uu sare uqaadaa ciriirinta ama yareynta halbowlayaasha dhiigga wada ee xubinta taranka[[16]].
Kororka halista cudur ee qofka waxa ay saami wadaag toos ah la tahay dhererka muddada uu cabbayay sigaarka iyo xaddiga uu cabbo mar kasta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii uu qofku joojiyo sigaarka waxaa tartiib tartiib hoos ugu dhacaya halistan, ayadoo waxyeelada uu jirka ka soo kabanayo [[17]].
waxaa lala xariiriyay sigaarka:-
a. Noocyo badan oo kansar ah, gaar ahaan kansarka sambabada, kilyaha, cunaha, madaxa iyo dhuunta, kansarka naasaha, kaadi haysta, hunguriga, ganaca iyo caloosha. Waxaa kale oo jira caddeymo muujinaya halista kansarka dhiigga ku dhaca ee (leukemia) loo yaqaan, kansarka nooca loo yaqaan (squamous cell carcinoma) ee ku dhaca duleelada sanka, kansarka beerka, lafaha, dhuunta iyo qeybta hoose ee mindhicirrada iyo dabada, kansarrada xameetiga, qanjidhka loo yaqaan adrenal gland iyo mindhicirrada yar yar.
b. Cudurrada wadnaha iyo wareegga dhiigga
o Xanuun kadis ah oo maskaxda ku dhaca oo jirka qaarkiis hawl gab kadhiga (stroke).
o Cudurrada xididdada dhiigga ee darafka (peripheral vascular disease )
c. Cudurrada neefmareenka
o Hargabka.
o Cudurka sambaba xiranka ee daba dheeraada, cudurka buufsanka kiisaska hawada (emphysema) iyo burukiitada.
d. Cudurrada la xariira abuurista carruurta Birth defects ee hooyada cabta sigaarka carruurta ay dhasho ku imaan karo.
e. Cudurka caadka (Cataracts) ee keena indha la'aanta.
f. Hawl gabnimada garaadka
o Cudurka Alzheimer's iyo hoos udhaca awoodda waxgarasho. Xasuus la'aan iyo kartida waxgarasho ee dhalinta soo koreyso ee sigaarka cabta oo hoos udhacda.
o Yaraanshaha maskaxda (cerebral atrophy)
g. Tabar darro la xariirta galmoodka (Impotence).
Faa'iidooyinka laga helayo joojinta sigaarka waa mid dhakhso loo helayo, waxaana ka mid ah; cadaadiska dhiigga, garaaca wadnaha iyo heerkulka ayaa caadi ku soo laabanayo, halista inuu wadnuhu istaagana hoos ayay udhaceysaa; waxaana soo hagaagaya kartida wax dhadhaminta, urta iyo wareegga dhiigga ee qofka cabba sigaarka.
Waxaa la ogaaday in sababta ugu weyn ee keenta sii wadidda cabista sigaarka ay tahay maaddada ku jirta ee la yiraahdo nikotiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, liqidda qiiqa ka imaanaya caleemaha holcaya ayaa dhalinaysa tiro badan oo walxo dhis kimikaad firfircoon ah, taasoo si dabacsan ula mid ah daamurka (laami) oo leh walxo fara badan oo fal gal kiimikaad oo waxyeeleynaya caafimaadka.
La soco qeybta 2aad...
Waxaa diyaariyay:
Dr. C/qaadir C/llaahi Cumar (Dr.Insi)
Kulliyadda Caafimaadka,
Jaamacadda UST, Sanca, Yemen.
Email: insi12@hotmail.com ama insiyare@yahoo.co.uk
Qeybta 1aad….
Qeybaha ay ka koobantahay diraasaddan:-
1. Arar.
2. Halka ay ka soo jeeddo tubaakada asal ahaan.
3. Tirada dadka cabba sigaarka dunida oo idil. (qiyaaso la sameeyay).
4. Walxaha ku jira sigaarka.
5. Qiiqa sigaarka imisa ayaa loo qeybiyaa?
6. Walxaha ku jira sigaarka ee kansarka dhaliya
7. Qabatinka Nikotiinka iyo hidda wadayaasha.
8. Halista caafimaad ee walxaha ku jira tubaakada.
9. Sigaar cabidda darajada labaad. Maxaa loola jeedaa?
10. Sababaha keena cabbidda sigaarka.
11. Sababaha keena sii wadidda cabidda sigaarka.
12. Deegaannada caalamka iyo cabidda sigaarka.
13. Diinteena islaamka maxay ka qabtaa sigaarka?
14. Side loola dagaallami karaa sigaarka iyo guud ahaan tubaakada?
15. Sidee ujoojin karaa qofka caba sigaarka?
16. Qorshaha joojinta sigaarka.
17. Maxaad ku bedeli kartaa nikotiinka?
18. Faa'iidooyinka joojinta sigaarka.
19. Gunaanad.
Arar
Qormadan haddii Alle ii oggolaado waxaan kaga hadli doonaa, waxyeellada caafimaad ee ay leedahay tubaakada si guud, sigaarkana si gaar ah. Anigoo cilmi ku salayn doono waxaana soo qaadan doono diraasado caalami ah oo dunida lagu soo bandhigay, tiro koobyo ay samaysay WHO oo ka hadlaya baahsanaanta balwaddan iyo aragtiyada diinta ee ku aaddan sigaarka. Waxaan kaloo jeclahay inaan soo bandhigo talooyin ku aaddan hababka qofka balwaddan isticmaala ka saacidi kara joojinteeda, anigoo si kooban usoo bandhigayo faa'iidooyinka uu ka helayo haddii uu joojiyo balwaddan. Waxaan kaloo soo bandhigi doonnaa haddii Eebbe laga helo, hababka loola dagaallami karo loona ciribtiri karo balwaddan caalamka oo idil fara ba'an ku haysa.
Tubaakadu halkay ka timid asal ahaan?
Sigaarku ma ahayn wax caalamku yaqiinay wixi ka horreeyay heliddii qaaradda Ameerika, dabadeedna gumaystayaashii reer yurub ee qaaraddaas qabsaday ayaa usoo qaaday yurub, halkaasna kaga sii faaftay dunida inteeda kale.
Tirada dadka cabba sigaarka dunida oo idil:-
Inkastoo dhammaan noocyada tubaakadu (sigaarka, buurida, badeecadda) ay waxyeello leeyihiin, haddana kan ugu caansan uguna waxyeello badan waa sigaaarka qiiqiisa la cabbo. Ururka caafimaadka adduunka ayaa ku waramay in sanadkii 1998ki dad gaarayay 1.235 bilyan oo qof ay cabbayeen sigaarka, iyadoo dadka dunida tiradooda ay ahayd 5.926 bilyan oo qof, tiradaas dadka cabba sigaarka ayaa sii kordhayso, waxaana la filayaa in sanadka 2020ka ay gaarto 1.671 bilyan oo qof.
Waxyeelada caafimaad ee buuriga waa mid muhiim ah, waxa ayna ku xirantahay hadba sida loo cuno (la calaliyo, la ursado ama la dhuuqo) iyo xaddiga la cunayo. Waxyeelada caafimaad ee sigaarka oo ah kan ugu isticmaalka badan buurida, waxaa ka mid ah kansarka sambabada, cudurrada ku dhaca wadnaha iyo wareegga dhiigga.ururka caafimaadka adduunka waxa uu ku qiyaasay sanadki 2002, in waddamada horumaray dhimashada ragga 26% iyo dumarka 9% lala xariiriyay cabbista sigaarka. Waddamada soo korayo ayaa lagu waramay in isticmaalka buurida ay kor ukacdo 3.4% sanad kasta.
Walxaha ku jira sigaarka
Sigaarku waxa uu ka koobanyahay kudhawaad 4000 oo walxood oo isugu jira hawo iyo walxo kiimikaad oo qabsada sambabada. Hawooyinka waxaa ugu caansan; Karboon hal oksaydh (CO), Haydarojiin siyanayd (hydrogen cyanide), ammooniya, nitrojiin oksaydh. Walxaha kale ee kiimikaad waxaa ugu caansan nikotiin, binsiin, daamur iyo bolooniyam.
b) Haydarojiin siyanayd: waa sun loo isticmaalo qolalka dadka lagu toogto hawada.
t) D.D.T.: waa sun cayayaanka lagu buufiyo.
j) Methanol: waa shidaalka lagu shubo sawaariikhda (gantaallada).
x) Asitoon: waxaa lagu dhaqaa midabada si loo tir tiro.
Kh) Ammoniya: waxaa lagu nadiifiyaa dhulka sibirka ah.
d) Tolowin: waxaa loo adeegsadaa warshadaynta si wax loo milo.
r) Finool: waxaa lagu nadiifiyaa weelasha iyo sibirrada.
s) Biyotin: waa gaaska ku jira janta siigarka (wallaacadda).
sh) Kadmiyom: waxaa loo isticmaalaa batariyada baabuurta.
dh) Karboon hal oksaydh (CO): waa neef sun ah oo ku jirta qiiqa baabuurta.
Qiiqa ka dhasha cabbidda sigaarka waxaa loo kala qaybiyaa 2 qeyb oo kala ah:-
1- Qaybta tooska ah: waa qiiqa uu liqayo qofka cabayo sigaarka, oo ah 15% xaddiga qiiqa ka baxayo sigaarka, waxa ayna ka koobantahay walxo si dhaqso ah loo gubay, sidaa awgeed isu uruursanaantoodu way yartahay ilaa xad.
2- Qeybta aan tooska ahayn: waa qiiqa uu tufayo qofka cabayo sigaarka, waxa ayna gaareysaa 85% qiiqa sigaarka ka baxaya, waxaana ku jira maaddooyin si tartiib ah u gubtay, sidaa awgeed isu uruursanaanteedu way sareeysaa, waxyeeladeeduna wuu ka daranyahay kan tooska ah, gaar ahaan dadka muddo dheer u banbaxayay qiiqaas, sida carruurta qofka cabba sigaarka, xaaskiisa iyo dadka kula nool hooyga ama goobta shaqada la jooga.
Walxaha ku jira sigaarka ee kansarka dhaliya:
Cabidda qiiqa buurida waxaa ku jira tiro aad u badan oo ah walxo awood badan oo keena kansarka, sida; akroliin iyo benzobayrin.Qofka oo muddo dheer u banbaxo ama la kulmo walxaha ku jira sigaarka sida karboon hal oksaydh, siyanaydh iyo isku dhisyada kale ee waxyeeleeya sambabka iyo unugyada halbowlayaasha ayaa la rumeysanyahay inay masuul ka yihiin waxyeelaynta wadnaha iyo jilicsanaanta kiisaska hawada ee sambabada, taasoo keenaysa emphysema iyo COPD. Maaddada akroliin ee kansarka dhalisa iyo kuwa kale ee iyada laga soo dhiraandhiriyay ayaa sidoo kale keena xanuuno dabadheeraada oo ku dhaca neefmareenka [[1]].
1- Walxaha kansarka dhaliya ee noole ka soo jeeda (organic carcinogenes):-
Waxaa ku jira sigaarka in kabdan 19 walxood oo kansarka dhaliya[[2]], kuwa ugu awoodda badanna waxaa ka mid ah:-
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: waa walxo sidoo kale laga helo daamurka ama laamiga, waana maaddo aad u keenta kansarka. Waxaa kale oo ay keenaan isbedel ku yimaada hidda sidayaasha (genetic mutation).
Akroliin, Nitrosamines
Nikotiin: waa kan ugu caansan walxaha ku jira sigaarka, mana ahan oo qura kansar dhaliye, ee waxa uu dardar geliyaa kobcidda burooyinka halista ah (tumors).
2- Walxaha kansarka dhaliya ee shucaaca leh (Radioactive carcinogens):
Marka laga soo tago walxaha kansarka dhaliya ee aan shucaaca, waxaa ku jira sigaarka xaddi yar oo lead-210 (210Pb) iyo polonium-210 (210Po) labadoodaba waa kansar dhaliyayaal bixiya shucaac. Curiyahan Lead 210 waxaa laga dhaliyaa burburka curiyaha radium-226, burburkeeda waxaa ka soo baxa radon-222; lead 210 kaddibna wuxuu usii burburaa bismuth-210 iyo polonium 210, iyadoo soo saarta qurubyada biita (beta particles) labada tallaababa. Walxaha ay ka koobanyihiin curiyayaashan ayaa dabadeed dega sambabada qofka sigaarka cabba, iyagoo ciriiri geliya socodka hawada; waxaana la soo helay in uruursanaanta walxahaas ay ku badanyihiin halka ay ku kala qeybsamaan bronchioles in kabadan 100 jeer inta ku jirta isku darka dhammaan sambabada. Tan oo ka dhigaysa in dadka sigaarka cabba la kulmayaan waxyeelo ka badan dadka kale. Tusaale ahaan Polonium 210, waxa uu soo saaraa walxaha aadka u tamarta badan ee loo yaqaan qurubyada alfa (alpha particles), taasoo cufkeeda awgii, lagu tiriyo inaaney dhexgeli karin maqaarka in kabadan 40 micrometres, balse sameysa waxyeelo badan (oo lagu qiyaasay 100 jibbaar ka badan waxyeelada ay hidde wadayaasha ugeystaan shucaacyada kale) marka hab sigaarka oo kale uu ku keenayo in lagu soo saaro jirka gudahiisa, halkaas oo dhammaan tamarta lagu soo saaro ay nuugayaan unugyada jirka ee la deriska ah. (Lead 210 wuxuu sidoo kale soo saaraa shucaaca gamma).
Curiyayaasha shucaaca bixiya ee ku jira tubaakada waxa ay ka mid yihiin macdanta badan ee ku jirta ciidda, balse dusha sare ee caleenta dheg dhegga leh ee buurida ayay ku soo dhegaan si ka badan geedaha kale oo aan lahayn sifadan. Si la filan karana shucaaca ka yimaada tubaakada way kala duwanyihiin, waxa ayna ku xiranyihiin hadba halka iyo sida uu u koray geedka tubaakada.
Waxaa laga helay beerka sigaar cabbayaasha xaddi aad ufara badan oo ah curiyaha polonium 210, kana badan dadka aan cabin sigaarka. Curiyahan waxa uu la midoobaa unugyada lafaha, isagoo shucaac joogta ah ku bixiya dhuuxa ku jira lafaha, waxa uuna sabab weyn unoqon karaa kansarka dhiigga ku dhaca ee loo yaqaan (leukemia), inkastoo tani aan weli la xaqiijin.
Qabatinka Nikotiinka iyo hidda wadayaasha:
B) Qurubka Nikotiin (Nicotine molecule):
Iyadoo la tixraacayo seddex diraasadood oo kala gooni ah oo fangareeyeen dawladaha yurub iyo mareykanka, ayaa saynisyahannada waxay ku qeexeen in xiriir hidde wade uu jiro oo dadka ka dhigaya inay aad u qabatimaan buurida. Kala duwanaashaha dhaxaleed ayaana dadka qaar ka dhigaya inuu cabbo sigaar fara badan, dhibna ay ku noqoto joojinta cabiddiisa, isagoo suurta galnimada inuu ku dhaco kansarka sambabadana uu kordho 80% [[3]].
Astaamaha hidda wadayaasha in ka badan 35,000 oo qof (oo badankood cabba ama cabbi jireen sigaarka) ayaa waxaa sahan ku sameeyay saynisyahanno 3 diraasadood oo kala gooni gooni ah, oo seddexdaba diiradda lagu saaray isla isbedellada dhaxaleed.
Kala duwanaashaha dhaxaleed ayaa warbixin ugudbisa soo dhaweeyayaasha (receptors) uu nikotiinka ku leeyahay unugyada, waxaana la gartay goob uu ku leeyahay chromosome 15 [[4]]. in isbedel ku yimaada hal nuqul ayaana kor uqaadi karto halista in qofka uu ku yimaada kansarka sambabada 30%, halka laba nuqul oo isbedel ahna ay 80% kor uqaadi karaan. Hiddo wadaha ayaa la ogaaday inuu sabab uyahay 14% xaaladaha kansarka sambabada.
T) Nikotiinka iyo qabatinka:
Nikotiinka ku jira sigaarka waa kiciye dhaliya dareen firfircooni ah, waxa uuna ka midyahay walxaha ugu muhiimsan ee keena in qofka sii wado cabidda buurida. Inkastoo xaddiga nikotiinka ee sigaarka ku jiraa uu yar yahay, haddana waxa uu weli ku filanyahay inuu keeno ku tiirsanaan xag jir iyo maskaxeedba ah. Xaddiga nikotiinka ee uu jirka ka nuugo sigaarka waxa ay ku xirantahay waxyaabo fara badan, waxaana ka mid ah nooca tubaakada, in la calaliyay iyo in la fiiltareeyay. Inkastoo sigaarka siyaabo kala duwan loo xayeysiiyay oo xataa lagu tijaabiyay mashiinno si loo yareeyo daamurka halista badan ee ku jira, haddana diraasado ayaa muujiyay in marka uu sigaarka cabo qof bani aadmi ahi (mashiinka bedelkiisa) ay ka helaan isla xaddiga qiiqi baxayay. Liqidda isku dhiska qiiqaas waa mid ka mid ah hababka ugu deg degsiinyaha badan ee dhiigga wax loo gaarsiiyo, waxaana ka horreeya oo qura cirbadda.
Celcelis ahaan waxay ku qaadanaysaa walxahaas inay ku gaaraan maskaxda 10 ilbiriqsi. Natiijada ka dhalata wax galnimada walxahan ayaa sigaar cabayaal badani waxay muujiyeen inaanay awoodin joojinta cabidda sigaarka. Kuwa isku dayaya joojinta sigaarka ee aan isku dhiibin nikotiinka 3 bilood way awoodaan inay sigaar la'aan noolaadaan inta ka hartay noloshooda [12]. Waxaa jira oo laga yaabaa in mooraal dillaac ku dhaco dadka isku dayaya joojinta sigaarka, sida walxaha kale ee maskaxda saameeya. Mooraal dillaacu waxa u ku badanyahay dhlinyarada da'doodu u dhexeysa 13-19 sano jir ee sigaarka caba, waxa ayna afar jibaar kaga dhawyihiin asaagooda aan sigaarka cabbin[[5]].
Nikotiinka waxa uu door ka cayaaraa dhacdooyinka daran ee cudurrada qaar (sida maskaxda oo dhiig ku furma, tabar darro galmoodka ah, iyo cudurrada wadnaha), isagoo sababa soo daynta Adrenalin, oo sare uqaadda cadaadiska dhiigga,iyo garaaca wadnaha.
Halista caafimaad ee walxaha ku jira tubaakada:
Sigaar cabbayaasha joogtada ah waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay noolaadaan 2.5[[6]] ilaa 10[[7]] sano in ka yar kuwa aan sigaarka cabbin, ilaa nus ka mid ah ragga sigaarka cabba ayaana u dhinta cudurro la xariira sigaarka [[8]]. Tusaale ahaan dalka maraykanka, Cudurrada lala xariiriyay sigaarka iyo guud ahaan buurida ayaa dila sanad walba ku dhawaad 438,000 oo muwaadiniin mareykan ah [[9]], maalintina waxaa udhimata 1200 oo mareykan ah, taasoo ah sababta ugu weyn ee keenta dhimasho laga hortagi karay dalka mareykanka. Ururka caafimaadka adduunka ayaa sheegay in tubaakadu ay keenayso dhimashada hal bilyan oo qof qarnigan gudahiisa [[10]].
Halista tubaakada waxay si gaar ah u keentaa cudurrada wadnaha, si gaar ah sigaarka waxa uu keenaa wadnaha oo shaqadiisa gaba (wadne istaag), cudurrada ku dhaca neefsadeenka sida cudurka sambaba xiranka ee daba dheeraada ''Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease'' (COPD) iyo cudurka buufsanka kiisaska hawada ee loo yaqaan (emphysema), iyo kansarka, gaar ahaan kansarka sambabada iyo kansarrada ku dhaca cunaha iyo afka. Sidoo kale waxay sii kordhisaa halista kansarka ku dhaca ganaca (pancreas) 75%. Wixi ka horreeyay dagaalki kowaad ee dunida, kansarka sambabada waxa uu ahaa wax aad dhif u ah oo dhaqaatiirta qaar aaney weligood arag xirfaddooda inta ay wadeen, balse dagaalki kaddib oo ay caan noqotay cabbista sigaarka, waxaa si safmar ah loo arkayay kansarka sambabada ku dhaca [[11]] [[12]]. Waxyeeladaa kor ku xusan waa kansarka sambabada ku dhaca oo qura.
Waxyeelada la xariira tabar darrada xagga galmoodka waxaa lagu qiyaasay 85% inay ku badanyihiin ragga cabba sigaarka marka la barbardhigo kuwa aan cabbin [[13]], waxa ayna fure utahay hawl gabnimada ku timaada sare u kaca xubinta taranka ragga (erectile dysfunction)[[14]][[15]], sigaarku waxa uu keenaa tabar darro galmoodka la xariira, waayo waxa uu sare uqaadaa ciriirinta ama yareynta halbowlayaasha dhiigga wada ee xubinta taranka[[16]].
Kororka halista cudur ee qofka waxa ay saami wadaag toos ah la tahay dhererka muddada uu cabbayay sigaarka iyo xaddiga uu cabbo mar kasta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii uu qofku joojiyo sigaarka waxaa tartiib tartiib hoos ugu dhacaya halistan, ayadoo waxyeelada uu jirka ka soo kabanayo [[17]].
waxaa lala xariiriyay sigaarka:-
a. Noocyo badan oo kansar ah, gaar ahaan kansarka sambabada, kilyaha, cunaha, madaxa iyo dhuunta, kansarka naasaha, kaadi haysta, hunguriga, ganaca iyo caloosha. Waxaa kale oo jira caddeymo muujinaya halista kansarka dhiigga ku dhaca ee (leukemia) loo yaqaan, kansarka nooca loo yaqaan (squamous cell carcinoma) ee ku dhaca duleelada sanka, kansarka beerka, lafaha, dhuunta iyo qeybta hoose ee mindhicirrada iyo dabada, kansarrada xameetiga, qanjidhka loo yaqaan adrenal gland iyo mindhicirrada yar yar.
b. Cudurrada wadnaha iyo wareegga dhiigga
o Xanuun kadis ah oo maskaxda ku dhaca oo jirka qaarkiis hawl gab kadhiga (stroke).
o Cudurrada xididdada dhiigga ee darafka (peripheral vascular disease )
c. Cudurrada neefmareenka
o Hargabka.
o Cudurka sambaba xiranka ee daba dheeraada, cudurka buufsanka kiisaska hawada (emphysema) iyo burukiitada.
d. Cudurrada la xariira abuurista carruurta Birth defects ee hooyada cabta sigaarka carruurta ay dhasho ku imaan karo.
e. Cudurka caadka (Cataracts) ee keena indha la'aanta.
f. Hawl gabnimada garaadka
o Cudurka Alzheimer's iyo hoos udhaca awoodda waxgarasho. Xasuus la'aan iyo kartida waxgarasho ee dhalinta soo koreyso ee sigaarka cabta oo hoos udhacda.
o Yaraanshaha maskaxda (cerebral atrophy)
g. Tabar darro la xariirta galmoodka (Impotence).
Faa'iidooyinka laga helayo joojinta sigaarka waa mid dhakhso loo helayo, waxaana ka mid ah; cadaadiska dhiigga, garaaca wadnaha iyo heerkulka ayaa caadi ku soo laabanayo, halista inuu wadnuhu istaagana hoos ayay udhaceysaa; waxaana soo hagaagaya kartida wax dhadhaminta, urta iyo wareegga dhiigga ee qofka cabba sigaarka.
Waxaa la ogaaday in sababta ugu weyn ee keenta sii wadidda cabista sigaarka ay tahay maaddada ku jirta ee la yiraahdo nikotiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, liqidda qiiqa ka imaanaya caleemaha holcaya ayaa dhalinaysa tiro badan oo walxo dhis kimikaad firfircoon ah, taasoo si dabacsan ula mid ah daamurka (laami) oo leh walxo fara badan oo fal gal kiimikaad oo waxyeeleynaya caafimaadka.
La soco qeybta 2aad...
Thursday, 13 May 2010
Naas nuujinta
Naas nuujinta:Diinta islaamka iyo Cilmiga sayniska
Waxaa diyaariyay:
Dr. C/qaadir C/llaahi Cumar (Dr.Insi)
Kulliyadda Caafimaadka,
Jaamacadda UST, Sanca, Yemen.
Email: insi12@hotmail.com ama insiyare@yahoo.co.uk
Qeybta 2aad…
Caanaha hooyda iyo caanaha warshadeysan ama xoolaha
Caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira in ku dhow 1000 walxood oo dhammaantood faa'iido u leh ilmaha yar, marka la barbardhigo caanaha xoolaha ama warshadeysan oo aaney ku jirin marka laga reebo walxo yar.
Borotiinnada iyo amayno aasidhka:-
Caanaha hooyada waxaa ku jira borotiinnada aad uu ugu baahanyahay ilmuhu, halka kuwa lo'da ay ku jiraan borotiinno aan shaqo ku lahayn iyo kuwo xasaasiyad ku keena ilmaha. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, borotiinnada ku jira caanaha hooyada waa kuwo si fudud uu shiidi karo dheefshiidka ilamah yar inkayar 15 daqiiqo, halka kuwa caanaha lo'da ay yihiin kuwo aaney shiidi karin dheefshiidka carruurta, una baahan inkabadan saacad, taasoo fursad siinaysa in qaarkood ay gaaraan mindhicirrada ka hor inta aan la shiidin, isla markaana sababa xasaasiyad ku beeranta ilmaha yar.
Caanaha hooyada waxaa ku yar amayno aasidhka la yiraahdo phenyl alanine, halka caanaha lo'dana ay qani ka yihiin amayno aasidhkaas, sidaa daraadeed waxaa jira cudur dhaxal ah oo la yiraahdo phenylketonuria, carruurta qabta xanuunkan waxa ay waxyeelo daran kala soo gudboonaataa caanaha lo'da, maadaama amayno aasidhkan uu ku badanyahay, balse wax dhib ah kalama kulmaan marka naaska la nuujiyo [[42],[43]].
Sidoo kale caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira xaddi badan oo cysteine:methionine kana badan inta ku jirta caanaha lo'da. Maskaxda ilmaha yarna waxaa ku yar insaymka la yiraahdo cystathionase oo methionine ubedela cysteine, waana maaddada (cysteine) muhiimka uah korriinshaha maskaxda carruurta, ahna isha ugu weyn ee laga helo taurine.
Sokorta:-
Xaddiga Sokorta caanaha ee lactose la yiraahdo kuna jirta caanaha hooyada waa 7%, halka caanaha lo'da ay ku jiraan 4.7%. Lactose ka waxa uu ka koobanyahay (glucose + glactose), sidaa awgeedna xaddiga sokorta lactose ee aadka ugu sareeya caanaha naaska waxa ay lagama maarmaan uyihiin sameysanka iyo korriinshaha maskaxda carruurta, gaar ahaan bilaha ugu horreeya noloshooda. Dhanka kale caanaha naaska hooyada waxa ay qani ka yihiin Sokorta nooca silsiladdiisa gaabantahay ee loo yaqaan oligosaccharides oo lagama maarmaan u ah korriinshaha maskaxda ilmaha mar dhaw dhashay, halka inta badan caanaha la warshadeeyay aaney lahayn sokortaas.
Aasidh dufaneedka (fatty acids):-
Kolistaroolka waxa uu ka mid yahay dufanaha muhiimka u ah korriinshaha maskaxda, sameynta nudaha Dareen wadka iyo dheecaanka xameetiga ku jira. Caanaha warshadaysan waxaa ku jira xaddi dhan 1-2 mg/100cm2, halka naaska hooyada ay ku jiraan xaddi dhan 7-47mg/100cm2.
Caanaha naaska hooyada waa isha ugu weyn ee laga helo dufanaha arachidonic acid (AA) iyo docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), labada sano ee ugu horreeya, waayo jirka carruurta ma soo saari karo labadan maado ee muhiimka u ah korriinshaha maskaxdooda.
Macdanta iyo Faytamiinnada:-
Caanaha hooyada waxaa ku jira Macdanta uu ubaahanyahay ilmaha, xaddi munaasib ah oo dheeli tiran, jirkooduna si fudud ushiidi karo. Halka caanaha lo'da ay ku jiraan xaddi fara badan oo faa'iido lahayn, dhib iyo daalna ku keena kilyaha ilmaha yar.
Caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira Macdanta la yiraahdo bir ama (iron) xaddi dhan 1mg/litre, waana xaddi si dhammeystiran unuugi karo jirka ilmaha, halka caanaha lo'da ay ku jiraan xaddi dhan 12mg/litre. Badnaashahaasna waxay keentaa waxyeello jirka gaarta.Caanaha naaska waxaa ku jirta maaddo la yiraahdo lactoferrin oo fududeysa in jirku nuugo birta 50-70%, taasoo ka dhigta ilmaha naaska hooyada nuuga kuwa ay yartahay inay ku dhacdo dhiigyarida [[44]]. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira in kabadan 15 curiye, insaymyo iyo faytamiinis badan iyo in kabadan 15 hormuun.
Ka hortagga bakteeriyada iyo jeermis dhaliyaasha:-
Caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira xaddi fara badan oo ah lysozyme, oo muhiim u ah ka hortaga bakteeriyda cudurrada dhalisa ee dheefshiidka, waxaana ku jira xaddi 30 jeer ka badan inta ku jirta caanaha lo'da, waxaa kale oo caanaha naaska ku jira bakteeriyada faa'iidada leh ee la yiraahdo Lactobacillaceae oo ka hortagta inay ku badato dhefshiidka bakteeriyada nooca loo yaqaan (gram +ve) xaddi kabadan 10 jeer inta ku jirta caanaha lo'da.
Mugga qanjidhka loo yaqaan thymus galand ee carruurta naaska hooyada la nuujiyo waxa uu dhanyahay labalaabka kuwa aan naaska la nuujin. Qanjidhkan waa mid dowr weyn ka cayaara difaaca jirka.
Jadwal isbarbardhigaya caanaha hooyada iyo caanaha warshadeysan [[45],[46]]
Nafaqo CAANAHA NAASKA CAANAHA LA WARSHADEEYAY FAALLO
Dux ( Dufan) • Waxa ay qani ka yihiin maskax dhisaha omega 3s, magac ahaana loo yaqaan DHA iyo AA.
• Waxa ay si weyn u daboolayaan baahida ilmaha, heerka daboolideedana hoos ayuu udhacayaa markasta oo uu ilmuhu sii weynaado.
• waxay qani ka yihiin kolesterol
• Dhammaantiis jirka ilmuhu wuu soo nuugaa.
• Waxaa ku jira insaymka burburiya dufanka ee loo yaqaan laybees (lipase).
• kuma jiro DHA
• ma wada dabooli karo baahida ilmaha.
• kuma jiro kolesterol.
• dhammaantiis jirka ilmaha sooma nuugo.
• Kuma jiro laybees. Dufanka waa kan ugu muhiimsan nafaqada ku jirta naaska hooyada, kamaqnaashaha DHA iyo Kolesterol waxa ay ilmaha ku keenaysaa inuu ku dhaco cudurrada maskaxda iyo wadnaha ee dadka waa weyn ku dhaca.
Dufanka aan jirku soo nuugin waxa ay ku keentaa ilmaha la siiyo caanaha lo'da ama warshadeysan inay dhigaan saxaro aad u ur badan.
Borotiinis • Waa mid jilcan, si fududna lagu shiidi karo.
• intooda badan waa mid jirku nuugo.
• Waxaa ku jira Laktoferrin.
• Waxaa kale oo ku jira Laysosaym, oo lid ku ah ilma-aragtida (antimicrobes).
• Waxay qani ka yihiin borotiinnada dhisa maskaxda iyo jirka.
• Waxay qani ka yihiin walxaha korriinshaha ee loo yaqaan (growth factors).
•waxaa ku jira borotiinnada hurdada keena ama dhaliya. • Way adagtahay shiididiisa.
• Dhammaantiis lama soo nuugo, aadna way ugu adagtahay kilyaha ilmaha.
• Kuma jiro laktoferrin.
• Kuma jiro Laysosaym.
• Way ka liitaan borotiinada dhisa jirka iyo maskaxda.
• way ka liitaan walxaha korriinshaha (growth factors)
• Kuma jiraan borotiinnada hurdada dhaliya. Ilmaha yar xasaasiyad kama qaadaan borotiinnada caanaha naaska ku jira.
Karbohaydareyt • Waxay qani ka yihiin laaktoos.
•waxay qani ka yihiin (oligosaccharides), oo xoojiya Caafimaadka mindhicirrada. •kuma jiro laaktoos qaar ka mid ah caanaha warshadeysan.
• way ku yartahay Sokorta nooca loo yaqaan oligosaccharides Laaktoos waxa uu muhiim uyahay horumarka maskaxda. Heerkiisana waxay bar barro la tahay weynaanta iyo kobaca maskaxda.
Difaac xoojiye •waxay qani ka yihiin unugyada cad cad ee dhiigga, halki mar oo uu nuugana waxa uu ka helayaa malaayiin.
• Waxaa kale oo ay qani ka yihiin walxaha difaaca jirka ee loo yaqaan immunoglobulins. • Kuma jiraan unugyada cad cad ee dhiigga.
• in yar oo Igs ayaa ku jira, balse waa kuwo aanan jirka ubaahnayn. Marki hooyada la kulanto jeermis, jirkeeda waxa uu sameysanayaa difaac (antibodies) dabadeedna ilmaha naaskeeda nuugaya ayay ugudbinaysaa (antibodies) iyadoo usii marinayso caanaha.
Faytamiinis & Macaadin • aad ayuu usoo nuugaa irka, gaar ahaan birta, zinc, iyo calcium
•50-75% birta jirku wuu soo nuugaa.
• waxaa ku jira xaddi badan oo ah seleniyam oo ah (antioxidant)
• si fiican jirka uma soo nuugo.
•5-10% birta ayuu jirku soo nuugaa.
• Waxaa ku jira xaddi yar oo ah seleniyam. Faytamiinnada iyo macaadinta ku jirta caanaha naaska waa kuwo intooda badan jirku soo nuugo. Si ay taa ubuuxiyaan waxa ay sameeyaan warshadaha caanaha inay ku daran xaddi fara badan oo ah macaadiinta iyo Faytamiinnada ka maqan, taasoo culeys ka dhigeysa in caloosha ilmaha yari shiiddo.
Insaymis & Hormuunno • Waxay qani ka yihiin dheecaannada wax shiida sida laybees iyo amilees.
• Waxay qani ka yihiin hormuunnada thyroid, prolactin, Oxytocin, iyo inkabadan 15 kale.
• Waxay ku xirantahay hadba cuntada hooyada cuneyso.
• warshadda marka la marinayo waxaa dhimanaya insaymiska waxshiida.
• Waxay kaloo dishaa hormuunnada muhiimka ah.
Insaymyada waxshiida waxa ay xoojiyaan caafimaadka mindhicirrada. Waxay kaloo gacan ka geystaan dheeli tirka falalka kiimikaad ee jirka ka dhacaya.
Jadwal caddeynaya xaddiga ay kaafinayaan caanaha naaska iyo baahida ilmaha sanadkiisa 2aad.
Baahida ilmaha Xaddiga uu daboolayo naaska Baahida ilmaha Xaddiga uu daboolayo naaska
Tamar 29% Foolik aasidh 76%
Borotiin 43% Faytamiin B12 94%
Kaalsiyam 36% Faytamiin 60%
Faytamiin A 75%
Miisaanka u kordhaya carruurta naaska nuugta:-
Ilmaha naaska la nuujiyo caadiyan waxaa u kordha miisaan, waxaana ku soo koobayaa sidan:-
0–4 bilood: 170 garaam todobaadkiiba
4–6 bilood: 113–142 garaam todobaadkiiba
6–12 bilood: 57–113 garaam todobaadkiiba
Celcelis ahaan carruurta naaska la nuujiyo miisaankoodu wuu laba jibbaarmaa marka ay gaaraan 5-6 bilood. Marka ay sanad gaaraane waxa uu gaaraa 2.5 jibbaar miisaanki ay ku dhasheen. Muuqaal ahaan carruurta naaska la nuujiyo marka ay sanad gaaraan way ka dhisma qurxanyihiin kuwa caanaha la siiyo [ [47] ].
Naas nuujinta gaarka ah:-
Naasnuujinta gaarka ah waxaa loola jeedaa in ilmuhu nuugo caanaha naaska oo qura iyadoo loo raacin waxyaabo kale (sida biyo, casiir, caano kale oo aan naaska ahayn, iyo cunto nooc kasta oo ay ahaataba 6da bilood ee ugu horreeya noloshooda).
Naas nuujinta waxa ay soconaysaa iyadoo ay cunto la socoto wixi ka dambeeya 6bilood ilaa 2 sano jir.
Naas nuujinta carruurta ee gaarka ah waxaa la siinayaa ilmaha 6 ilaa 14 jeer maalinti. Ilmaha kol dhaw dhashay waxa uu isticmaali karaa 30 ilaa 90ml, kaddib 4ta todobaad ee ugu horreysa waxa uu isticmaali karaa ilaa 120ml.
Sidaa awgeed marka naaska la nuujinayo ilmaha waxaa hooyada looga baahanyahay inaaney ka joojin ilaa ay ka dareento in naaskeeda aanu caano ku jirin, waayo nafaqada ugu badan iyo difaaca jirka waxa ay la socdaan qeybaha dhexe iyo dambe ee caanaha.
Ma jirtaa xaalado hooyadu aaney naaska nuujin karin ilmaheeda?
Naas nuujinta oo ah fal dabiiciya oo eebe ku uumay aadanaha, way yartahay inay dhacdo xaalad aanaey hooyadu nuujin karin ilmaha ay dhashay. Culeysyo fara badan ayaa si fudud waxaa loogu xallin karaa adeeg wanaagga caafimaad ee isbitaalka hooyadu ku umuleyso, umuliso tababaran, dhaqaatiir iyo shaqaale caafimaad oo feejigan iyo latalin wanaagsan oo naas nuujinta ah.
Waxaa jira xaalado aan caafimaad ahaan hooyada loo oggolayn inay ilmaha nuujiso, sida hooyada qabta HIV iyo tan ku summowday wasakhda deegaanka sida curiyaha lead oo kale. Waxaa kaloo jira xaalado dhif ah oo aaney caano ka imaanayn naaska hooyada, sababtoo ah hormuunka caanaha dhaliya ee prolactin la yiraahdo oo yar ama aan la soo saarin awgeed, xaaladdan waxaa keena cudur loo yaqaan Sheehan's syndrome, oo ka dhasha cadaadiska dhiigga oo si kedis ah hoos ugu dhaca waqtiga dhalmada sababtoo ah dhiigbax culus.
Tixraaca Qormada________________________________________
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[ 2 ] http://www.aleijaz.net/artman/publish/article86.htm
[ 3 ] http://www.breastfeedingonline.com/
[ 4 ] http://www.obgyn.net/pb/articles/DHA_formula.htm
[ 5 ] http://www.obgyn.net/pb/pb.asp?
[ 6 ] http://www.christianitytoday.com/cpt/9g39/g3049.html
[ 7 ] Donath S, Amir LH 2000, Rates of breastfeeding in Australia by State and socio-economic status: Evidence from the 1995 National Health Survey. J Paediatr Child Health 36: 164168-.
[ 8 ] http://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/sustained.html
[ 9 ] Zetterstrom R 1999, Breastfeeding and infant -mother interaction. Acta Paediatr S430: 16-
[ 10 ] http://ar.essortment.com/feedingbottle_rcdw.htm
[ 11 ] Horwood LJ, Darlow BA, Mogridge N 2001, Breast milk feeding and cognitive ability at 78- years Arch Dis Fetal Neonatal 84: F23-F27.
[ 12 ] http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0297/breastfeed0297.html
[ 13 ] http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/breast_bottle_feeding.html
[ [14] ] http://www.drgreene.com/21_552.html
[ [15] ] http://www.kellymom.com/nutrition/immunefactors.html
[ [16] ] http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/breast_bottle_feeding.html
[ [17] ] http://www.55a.net/firas/arabic/index.php?
[ [18] ] Schanler RJ, Hurst NM, Lau C. The use of human milk and breastfeeding in premature infants. Clin Perinatol 1999;26(2):379398-.
[ [19] ] Stabin MG, Breitz, H. Breast milk secretion of Radiopharmaceuticals; Mechanisms, findings and radiation dosimetry. J Nucl Med 2000;41(5):863873-.
[ [20] ] http://www.naturalfamilyonline.com/5-bf/312-formula-report.htm
[ [21] ] Armstrong J, Reilly JJ (2002). "Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity". Lancet 359 (9322): 2003–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08837-2. PMID 12076560.
[ [22] ] Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. (2007). "Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries". Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) (153): 1–186. PMID 17764214. http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/brfout/brfout.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
[ [23] ] Horta BL, Bahl R, Martines JC, Victora CG (2007). Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241595230. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595230_eng.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
[ [24] ] Moulden A.(1994). Feeding difficulties part II. Artificial feeding. Aust Fam Physician 23:1907-1912.
[ [25] ] Wyllie R. (1996). Cowʼs milk protein allergy and hypoallergenic formulas. Clin Pediatr 35:497-500.
[ [26] ] Koenig JS, Davies AM, Thach BT. (1990). Coordination of breathing, sucking and swallowing during bottle feedings in human infants. J Appl Physiol 69: 16231629-.
[ [27] ] Virtanen SM, et al. (1993). Early introduction of dairy products associated with increased risk of IDDM in Finnish children. Diabetes 42:1786-90.
[ [28] ] Gerstein HC. (1994). Cow's milk exposure and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 17: 1319-.
[ [29] ] Verge CF, et al. (1994). Environmental factors in childhood IDDM. A population-based, case-control study. Diabetes Care 17:13819-.
[ [30] ] Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea D, Lamichhane AP, et al. (2008). "Breast-feeding and type 2 diabetes in the youth of three ethnic groups: the SEARCh for diabetes in youth case-control study". Diabetes Care 31 (3): 470–5. doi:10.2337/dc07-1321. PMID 18071004.
[ [31] ] http://www.aleijaz.net/artman/publish/article86.htm
[ [32] ] Schneider, A.P.(1987). Risk Factor for Ovarian Cancer. N Engl J Med.
[ [33] ] Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB (1993). WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol. 22:192197-.
[ [34] ] Yoo,KY, et al. (1992). Independent protective effect of lactation against breast cancer: A case-control study in Japan. Amer J Epidemiol. 135 (7):72633-
[ [35] ] http://www.lalecheleague.org/Release/cancer.html
[ [36] ] http://breastfeed.com/resources/articles/101reasonsp1.htm
[ [37] ] Layde PM, et al. (1989). The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer. J Clinical Epidemiol. 42: 96373-.
[ [38] ] http://www.bab.com/news/full_news.cfm?
[ [39] ] Chua S, Arulkumaran S, Lim I et al. (1994). Influence of breastfeeding and nipple stimulation on postpartum uterine activity. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:804805-.
[ [40] ] Kramer, F. (1993). Breastfeeding reduces maternal lower body fat. J. Am Diet Assoc 93(4): 42933-.
[ [41] ] Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommwen LA. Maternal weight-loss patterns during prolonged lactation. Am J Clin Nutr (1993).58:162166-.
[ [42] ] http://classes.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci308/HumanLact.html
[ [43] ] Rogan WJ. (1996). Pollutants in breastmilk. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150(9): 981-990.
[ [44] ] http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0297/breastfeed0297.html
[ [45] ] http://www.wiessinger.baka.com/bfing/breastvbottle/breastvbottle.html
[ [46] ] http://www.kidsdirect.net/BD/infants/breast/chart.htm
[ [47] ] "Weight gain (Growth patterns) ". AskDrSears.com. http://www.askdrsears.com/html/2/T023600.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-03
Waxaa diyaariyay:
Dr. C/qaadir C/llaahi Cumar (Dr.Insi)
Kulliyadda Caafimaadka,
Jaamacadda UST, Sanca, Yemen.
Email: insi12@hotmail.com ama insiyare@yahoo.co.uk
Qeybta 2aad…
Caanaha hooyda iyo caanaha warshadeysan ama xoolaha
Caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira in ku dhow 1000 walxood oo dhammaantood faa'iido u leh ilmaha yar, marka la barbardhigo caanaha xoolaha ama warshadeysan oo aaney ku jirin marka laga reebo walxo yar.
Borotiinnada iyo amayno aasidhka:-
Caanaha hooyada waxaa ku jira borotiinnada aad uu ugu baahanyahay ilmuhu, halka kuwa lo'da ay ku jiraan borotiinno aan shaqo ku lahayn iyo kuwo xasaasiyad ku keena ilmaha. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, borotiinnada ku jira caanaha hooyada waa kuwo si fudud uu shiidi karo dheefshiidka ilamah yar inkayar 15 daqiiqo, halka kuwa caanaha lo'da ay yihiin kuwo aaney shiidi karin dheefshiidka carruurta, una baahan inkabadan saacad, taasoo fursad siinaysa in qaarkood ay gaaraan mindhicirrada ka hor inta aan la shiidin, isla markaana sababa xasaasiyad ku beeranta ilmaha yar.
Caanaha hooyada waxaa ku yar amayno aasidhka la yiraahdo phenyl alanine, halka caanaha lo'dana ay qani ka yihiin amayno aasidhkaas, sidaa daraadeed waxaa jira cudur dhaxal ah oo la yiraahdo phenylketonuria, carruurta qabta xanuunkan waxa ay waxyeelo daran kala soo gudboonaataa caanaha lo'da, maadaama amayno aasidhkan uu ku badanyahay, balse wax dhib ah kalama kulmaan marka naaska la nuujiyo [[42],[43]].
Sidoo kale caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira xaddi badan oo cysteine:methionine kana badan inta ku jirta caanaha lo'da. Maskaxda ilmaha yarna waxaa ku yar insaymka la yiraahdo cystathionase oo methionine ubedela cysteine, waana maaddada (cysteine) muhiimka uah korriinshaha maskaxda carruurta, ahna isha ugu weyn ee laga helo taurine.
Sokorta:-
Xaddiga Sokorta caanaha ee lactose la yiraahdo kuna jirta caanaha hooyada waa 7%, halka caanaha lo'da ay ku jiraan 4.7%. Lactose ka waxa uu ka koobanyahay (glucose + glactose), sidaa awgeedna xaddiga sokorta lactose ee aadka ugu sareeya caanaha naaska waxa ay lagama maarmaan uyihiin sameysanka iyo korriinshaha maskaxda carruurta, gaar ahaan bilaha ugu horreeya noloshooda. Dhanka kale caanaha naaska hooyada waxa ay qani ka yihiin Sokorta nooca silsiladdiisa gaabantahay ee loo yaqaan oligosaccharides oo lagama maarmaan u ah korriinshaha maskaxda ilmaha mar dhaw dhashay, halka inta badan caanaha la warshadeeyay aaney lahayn sokortaas.
Aasidh dufaneedka (fatty acids):-
Kolistaroolka waxa uu ka mid yahay dufanaha muhiimka u ah korriinshaha maskaxda, sameynta nudaha Dareen wadka iyo dheecaanka xameetiga ku jira. Caanaha warshadaysan waxaa ku jira xaddi dhan 1-2 mg/100cm2, halka naaska hooyada ay ku jiraan xaddi dhan 7-47mg/100cm2.
Caanaha naaska hooyada waa isha ugu weyn ee laga helo dufanaha arachidonic acid (AA) iyo docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), labada sano ee ugu horreeya, waayo jirka carruurta ma soo saari karo labadan maado ee muhiimka u ah korriinshaha maskaxdooda.
Macdanta iyo Faytamiinnada:-
Caanaha hooyada waxaa ku jira Macdanta uu ubaahanyahay ilmaha, xaddi munaasib ah oo dheeli tiran, jirkooduna si fudud ushiidi karo. Halka caanaha lo'da ay ku jiraan xaddi fara badan oo faa'iido lahayn, dhib iyo daalna ku keena kilyaha ilmaha yar.
Caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira Macdanta la yiraahdo bir ama (iron) xaddi dhan 1mg/litre, waana xaddi si dhammeystiran unuugi karo jirka ilmaha, halka caanaha lo'da ay ku jiraan xaddi dhan 12mg/litre. Badnaashahaasna waxay keentaa waxyeello jirka gaarta.Caanaha naaska waxaa ku jirta maaddo la yiraahdo lactoferrin oo fududeysa in jirku nuugo birta 50-70%, taasoo ka dhigta ilmaha naaska hooyada nuuga kuwa ay yartahay inay ku dhacdo dhiigyarida [[44]]. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira in kabadan 15 curiye, insaymyo iyo faytamiinis badan iyo in kabadan 15 hormuun.
Ka hortagga bakteeriyada iyo jeermis dhaliyaasha:-
Caanaha naaska waxaa ku jira xaddi fara badan oo ah lysozyme, oo muhiim u ah ka hortaga bakteeriyda cudurrada dhalisa ee dheefshiidka, waxaana ku jira xaddi 30 jeer ka badan inta ku jirta caanaha lo'da, waxaa kale oo caanaha naaska ku jira bakteeriyada faa'iidada leh ee la yiraahdo Lactobacillaceae oo ka hortagta inay ku badato dhefshiidka bakteeriyada nooca loo yaqaan (gram +ve) xaddi kabadan 10 jeer inta ku jirta caanaha lo'da.
Mugga qanjidhka loo yaqaan thymus galand ee carruurta naaska hooyada la nuujiyo waxa uu dhanyahay labalaabka kuwa aan naaska la nuujin. Qanjidhkan waa mid dowr weyn ka cayaara difaaca jirka.
Jadwal isbarbardhigaya caanaha hooyada iyo caanaha warshadeysan [[45],[46]]
Nafaqo CAANAHA NAASKA CAANAHA LA WARSHADEEYAY FAALLO
Dux ( Dufan) • Waxa ay qani ka yihiin maskax dhisaha omega 3s, magac ahaana loo yaqaan DHA iyo AA.
• Waxa ay si weyn u daboolayaan baahida ilmaha, heerka daboolideedana hoos ayuu udhacayaa markasta oo uu ilmuhu sii weynaado.
• waxay qani ka yihiin kolesterol
• Dhammaantiis jirka ilmuhu wuu soo nuugaa.
• Waxaa ku jira insaymka burburiya dufanka ee loo yaqaan laybees (lipase).
• kuma jiro DHA
• ma wada dabooli karo baahida ilmaha.
• kuma jiro kolesterol.
• dhammaantiis jirka ilmaha sooma nuugo.
• Kuma jiro laybees. Dufanka waa kan ugu muhiimsan nafaqada ku jirta naaska hooyada, kamaqnaashaha DHA iyo Kolesterol waxa ay ilmaha ku keenaysaa inuu ku dhaco cudurrada maskaxda iyo wadnaha ee dadka waa weyn ku dhaca.
Dufanka aan jirku soo nuugin waxa ay ku keentaa ilmaha la siiyo caanaha lo'da ama warshadeysan inay dhigaan saxaro aad u ur badan.
Borotiinis • Waa mid jilcan, si fududna lagu shiidi karo.
• intooda badan waa mid jirku nuugo.
• Waxaa ku jira Laktoferrin.
• Waxaa kale oo ku jira Laysosaym, oo lid ku ah ilma-aragtida (antimicrobes).
• Waxay qani ka yihiin borotiinnada dhisa maskaxda iyo jirka.
• Waxay qani ka yihiin walxaha korriinshaha ee loo yaqaan (growth factors).
•waxaa ku jira borotiinnada hurdada keena ama dhaliya. • Way adagtahay shiididiisa.
• Dhammaantiis lama soo nuugo, aadna way ugu adagtahay kilyaha ilmaha.
• Kuma jiro laktoferrin.
• Kuma jiro Laysosaym.
• Way ka liitaan borotiinada dhisa jirka iyo maskaxda.
• way ka liitaan walxaha korriinshaha (growth factors)
• Kuma jiraan borotiinnada hurdada dhaliya. Ilmaha yar xasaasiyad kama qaadaan borotiinnada caanaha naaska ku jira.
Karbohaydareyt • Waxay qani ka yihiin laaktoos.
•waxay qani ka yihiin (oligosaccharides), oo xoojiya Caafimaadka mindhicirrada. •kuma jiro laaktoos qaar ka mid ah caanaha warshadeysan.
• way ku yartahay Sokorta nooca loo yaqaan oligosaccharides Laaktoos waxa uu muhiim uyahay horumarka maskaxda. Heerkiisana waxay bar barro la tahay weynaanta iyo kobaca maskaxda.
Difaac xoojiye •waxay qani ka yihiin unugyada cad cad ee dhiigga, halki mar oo uu nuugana waxa uu ka helayaa malaayiin.
• Waxaa kale oo ay qani ka yihiin walxaha difaaca jirka ee loo yaqaan immunoglobulins. • Kuma jiraan unugyada cad cad ee dhiigga.
• in yar oo Igs ayaa ku jira, balse waa kuwo aanan jirka ubaahnayn. Marki hooyada la kulanto jeermis, jirkeeda waxa uu sameysanayaa difaac (antibodies) dabadeedna ilmaha naaskeeda nuugaya ayay ugudbinaysaa (antibodies) iyadoo usii marinayso caanaha.
Faytamiinis & Macaadin • aad ayuu usoo nuugaa irka, gaar ahaan birta, zinc, iyo calcium
•50-75% birta jirku wuu soo nuugaa.
• waxaa ku jira xaddi badan oo ah seleniyam oo ah (antioxidant)
• si fiican jirka uma soo nuugo.
•5-10% birta ayuu jirku soo nuugaa.
• Waxaa ku jira xaddi yar oo ah seleniyam. Faytamiinnada iyo macaadinta ku jirta caanaha naaska waa kuwo intooda badan jirku soo nuugo. Si ay taa ubuuxiyaan waxa ay sameeyaan warshadaha caanaha inay ku daran xaddi fara badan oo ah macaadiinta iyo Faytamiinnada ka maqan, taasoo culeys ka dhigeysa in caloosha ilmaha yari shiiddo.
Insaymis & Hormuunno • Waxay qani ka yihiin dheecaannada wax shiida sida laybees iyo amilees.
• Waxay qani ka yihiin hormuunnada thyroid, prolactin, Oxytocin, iyo inkabadan 15 kale.
• Waxay ku xirantahay hadba cuntada hooyada cuneyso.
• warshadda marka la marinayo waxaa dhimanaya insaymiska waxshiida.
• Waxay kaloo dishaa hormuunnada muhiimka ah.
Insaymyada waxshiida waxa ay xoojiyaan caafimaadka mindhicirrada. Waxay kaloo gacan ka geystaan dheeli tirka falalka kiimikaad ee jirka ka dhacaya.
Jadwal caddeynaya xaddiga ay kaafinayaan caanaha naaska iyo baahida ilmaha sanadkiisa 2aad.
Baahida ilmaha Xaddiga uu daboolayo naaska Baahida ilmaha Xaddiga uu daboolayo naaska
Tamar 29% Foolik aasidh 76%
Borotiin 43% Faytamiin B12 94%
Kaalsiyam 36% Faytamiin 60%
Faytamiin A 75%
Miisaanka u kordhaya carruurta naaska nuugta:-
Ilmaha naaska la nuujiyo caadiyan waxaa u kordha miisaan, waxaana ku soo koobayaa sidan:-
0–4 bilood: 170 garaam todobaadkiiba
4–6 bilood: 113–142 garaam todobaadkiiba
6–12 bilood: 57–113 garaam todobaadkiiba
Celcelis ahaan carruurta naaska la nuujiyo miisaankoodu wuu laba jibbaarmaa marka ay gaaraan 5-6 bilood. Marka ay sanad gaaraane waxa uu gaaraa 2.5 jibbaar miisaanki ay ku dhasheen. Muuqaal ahaan carruurta naaska la nuujiyo marka ay sanad gaaraan way ka dhisma qurxanyihiin kuwa caanaha la siiyo [ [47] ].
Naas nuujinta gaarka ah:-
Naasnuujinta gaarka ah waxaa loola jeedaa in ilmuhu nuugo caanaha naaska oo qura iyadoo loo raacin waxyaabo kale (sida biyo, casiir, caano kale oo aan naaska ahayn, iyo cunto nooc kasta oo ay ahaataba 6da bilood ee ugu horreeya noloshooda).
Naas nuujinta waxa ay soconaysaa iyadoo ay cunto la socoto wixi ka dambeeya 6bilood ilaa 2 sano jir.
Naas nuujinta carruurta ee gaarka ah waxaa la siinayaa ilmaha 6 ilaa 14 jeer maalinti. Ilmaha kol dhaw dhashay waxa uu isticmaali karaa 30 ilaa 90ml, kaddib 4ta todobaad ee ugu horreysa waxa uu isticmaali karaa ilaa 120ml.
Sidaa awgeed marka naaska la nuujinayo ilmaha waxaa hooyada looga baahanyahay inaaney ka joojin ilaa ay ka dareento in naaskeeda aanu caano ku jirin, waayo nafaqada ugu badan iyo difaaca jirka waxa ay la socdaan qeybaha dhexe iyo dambe ee caanaha.
Ma jirtaa xaalado hooyadu aaney naaska nuujin karin ilmaheeda?
Naas nuujinta oo ah fal dabiiciya oo eebe ku uumay aadanaha, way yartahay inay dhacdo xaalad aanaey hooyadu nuujin karin ilmaha ay dhashay. Culeysyo fara badan ayaa si fudud waxaa loogu xallin karaa adeeg wanaagga caafimaad ee isbitaalka hooyadu ku umuleyso, umuliso tababaran, dhaqaatiir iyo shaqaale caafimaad oo feejigan iyo latalin wanaagsan oo naas nuujinta ah.
Waxaa jira xaalado aan caafimaad ahaan hooyada loo oggolayn inay ilmaha nuujiso, sida hooyada qabta HIV iyo tan ku summowday wasakhda deegaanka sida curiyaha lead oo kale. Waxaa kaloo jira xaalado dhif ah oo aaney caano ka imaanayn naaska hooyada, sababtoo ah hormuunka caanaha dhaliya ee prolactin la yiraahdo oo yar ama aan la soo saarin awgeed, xaaladdan waxaa keena cudur loo yaqaan Sheehan's syndrome, oo ka dhasha cadaadiska dhiigga oo si kedis ah hoos ugu dhaca waqtiga dhalmada sababtoo ah dhiigbax culus.
Tixraaca Qormada________________________________________
[ 1 ] http://www.childinfo.org/eddb/brfeed/
[ 2 ] http://www.aleijaz.net/artman/publish/article86.htm
[ 3 ] http://www.breastfeedingonline.com/
[ 4 ] http://www.obgyn.net/pb/articles/DHA_formula.htm
[ 5 ] http://www.obgyn.net/pb/pb.asp?
[ 6 ] http://www.christianitytoday.com/cpt/9g39/g3049.html
[ 7 ] Donath S, Amir LH 2000, Rates of breastfeeding in Australia by State and socio-economic status: Evidence from the 1995 National Health Survey. J Paediatr Child Health 36: 164168-.
[ 8 ] http://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/sustained.html
[ 9 ] Zetterstrom R 1999, Breastfeeding and infant -mother interaction. Acta Paediatr S430: 16-
[ 10 ] http://ar.essortment.com/feedingbottle_rcdw.htm
[ 11 ] Horwood LJ, Darlow BA, Mogridge N 2001, Breast milk feeding and cognitive ability at 78- years Arch Dis Fetal Neonatal 84: F23-F27.
[ 12 ] http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0297/breastfeed0297.html
[ 13 ] http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/breast_bottle_feeding.html
[ [14] ] http://www.drgreene.com/21_552.html
[ [15] ] http://www.kellymom.com/nutrition/immunefactors.html
[ [16] ] http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/breast_bottle_feeding.html
[ [17] ] http://www.55a.net/firas/arabic/index.php?
[ [18] ] Schanler RJ, Hurst NM, Lau C. The use of human milk and breastfeeding in premature infants. Clin Perinatol 1999;26(2):379398-.
[ [19] ] Stabin MG, Breitz, H. Breast milk secretion of Radiopharmaceuticals; Mechanisms, findings and radiation dosimetry. J Nucl Med 2000;41(5):863873-.
[ [20] ] http://www.naturalfamilyonline.com/5-bf/312-formula-report.htm
[ [21] ] Armstrong J, Reilly JJ (2002). "Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity". Lancet 359 (9322): 2003–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08837-2. PMID 12076560.
[ [22] ] Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. (2007). "Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries". Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) (153): 1–186. PMID 17764214. http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/brfout/brfout.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
[ [23] ] Horta BL, Bahl R, Martines JC, Victora CG (2007). Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241595230. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595230_eng.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
[ [24] ] Moulden A.(1994). Feeding difficulties part II. Artificial feeding. Aust Fam Physician 23:1907-1912.
[ [25] ] Wyllie R. (1996). Cowʼs milk protein allergy and hypoallergenic formulas. Clin Pediatr 35:497-500.
[ [26] ] Koenig JS, Davies AM, Thach BT. (1990). Coordination of breathing, sucking and swallowing during bottle feedings in human infants. J Appl Physiol 69: 16231629-.
[ [27] ] Virtanen SM, et al. (1993). Early introduction of dairy products associated with increased risk of IDDM in Finnish children. Diabetes 42:1786-90.
[ [28] ] Gerstein HC. (1994). Cow's milk exposure and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 17: 1319-.
[ [29] ] Verge CF, et al. (1994). Environmental factors in childhood IDDM. A population-based, case-control study. Diabetes Care 17:13819-.
[ [30] ] Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea D, Lamichhane AP, et al. (2008). "Breast-feeding and type 2 diabetes in the youth of three ethnic groups: the SEARCh for diabetes in youth case-control study". Diabetes Care 31 (3): 470–5. doi:10.2337/dc07-1321. PMID 18071004.
[ [31] ] http://www.aleijaz.net/artman/publish/article86.htm
[ [32] ] Schneider, A.P.(1987). Risk Factor for Ovarian Cancer. N Engl J Med.
[ [33] ] Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB (1993). WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol. 22:192197-.
[ [34] ] Yoo,KY, et al. (1992). Independent protective effect of lactation against breast cancer: A case-control study in Japan. Amer J Epidemiol. 135 (7):72633-
[ [35] ] http://www.lalecheleague.org/Release/cancer.html
[ [36] ] http://breastfeed.com/resources/articles/101reasonsp1.htm
[ [37] ] Layde PM, et al. (1989). The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer. J Clinical Epidemiol. 42: 96373-.
[ [38] ] http://www.bab.com/news/full_news.cfm?
[ [39] ] Chua S, Arulkumaran S, Lim I et al. (1994). Influence of breastfeeding and nipple stimulation on postpartum uterine activity. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:804805-.
[ [40] ] Kramer, F. (1993). Breastfeeding reduces maternal lower body fat. J. Am Diet Assoc 93(4): 42933-.
[ [41] ] Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommwen LA. Maternal weight-loss patterns during prolonged lactation. Am J Clin Nutr (1993).58:162166-.
[ [42] ] http://classes.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci308/HumanLact.html
[ [43] ] Rogan WJ. (1996). Pollutants in breastmilk. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150(9): 981-990.
[ [44] ] http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0297/breastfeed0297.html
[ [45] ] http://www.wiessinger.baka.com/bfing/breastvbottle/breastvbottle.html
[ [46] ] http://www.kidsdirect.net/BD/infants/breast/chart.htm
[ [47] ] "Weight gain (Growth patterns) ". AskDrSears.com. http://www.askdrsears.com/html/2/T023600.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-03
Thursday, 6 May 2010
Naas nuujinta
Naas nuujinta:Diinta islaamka iyo Cilmiga sayniska
Waxaa diyaariyay:
Dr. C/qaadir C/llaahi Cumar (Dr.Insi)
Kulliyadda Caafimaadka,
Jaamacadda UST, Sanca, Yemen.
Email: insi12@hotmail.com ama insiyare@yahoo.co.uk
Qeybta 1aad…
Tusmo
1. Arar
2. Muhiimadda naas nuujinta
3. Naas nuujinta casriga Tignoolajiyada
4. Faa'iidooyinka caanaha hooyadu uleeyihiin carruurta:
Korriinshaha garaadka
Difaaca jirka
Infekshinada
Buurnaashaha
Cudurrada xasaasiyada ama cuncunka
Kaadi macaan
Cudurro kale
Dareenka nafsiyadeed ee ilmaha yar
5. Faa'iidooyinka hooyada ay ka helayso naas nuujinta:
Kansarka
Kaadi macaanka
Isku uruuridda ilma galeenka
Dhismaha jirka
Uureysiga (uur qaadid)
6. Caanaha hooyada iyo caanaha warshadeysan ama xoolaha
7. Isbarbardhigga caanaha hooyada iyo caanaha warshadeysan
8. Miisaanka u kordhaya carruurta naaska nuugta
9. Naas nuujinta gaarka ah
10. Tixraaca Qormada
Arar
Waxaa mahad oo dhan iska leh allaah sw, allahii nagu hanuuniyay diinta islaamka na tusana dariiqa Cilmiga iyo aqoonta, nabad gelyo iyo naxariis ha ahaato nabigeena dushiisa.
Intaa kaddib, haddii ilaah noo suurageliyo waxaan soo bandhigayaa qormadan aadka uxiisaha badan ee diiradda saareysa naas nuujinta faa'iidada ay uleedahay carruurta iyo hooyada labaduba, anigoo soo qaadanaya daraasado ay sameeyeen saynisyahanno reer galbeed ah. Waxaa kale oo ku jira qormadan isbarbardhig aan ku sameynayo waxyaabaha ku jira caanaha hooyada iyo kuwa ku jira caanaha lo'da iyo weliba faa'iidada mid waliba leedahay iyo faa'iido darradaoodaba.
Qormadan waxay aad u anfacaysaa qeybaha bulshada oo idil, si gaar ah hooyooyinka soomaaliyeed oo intooda badan aan aqoon ulahayn faa'iidada ay caanaha naaska u leeyihiin carruurta. Dadka qaar baana aaminsan in caanaha naaska ay barax yihiin oo aaney ilmaha wax nafci ah ulahayn, sidaa awgeed waxaan filayaa in dad badan ay ka ororsan doonaan cilmi aaney horey u ogeyn.
Naas nuujinta
Ilaah sw waxa uu quraankiisa ku leeyahay:
أن يُتّم الرضـاعــة) (و الوالـدات يُرضِعن أولادهن حَولين كاملـين لمـن أراد
Suurat Albaqarah, aayadda 233aad.
Aayaddan waxa ay tilmaamaysaa seddex arrimood oo muhiim ah, waxa ayna kala yihiin:-
1. Ahamiyadda in hooyada naaskeeda nuujiso ilmaheeda yar, cuntana ay unoqdaan caanaha naaskeeda, maya caana xoolaad.
2. in naas nuujinta socoto muddo dheer.
3. in naas nuujintu ku buuxsameyso 2 sano, si ilmuhu u helaan faa'iidooyinkeeda xag caafimaad iyo xag sharciyadeedba.
Ereyga naas nuujin iyo kuwa laga soo dhiraandhiriyay waxa uu ku soo arooray quraanka kariimka ah 11 jeer.
Sheekh ibnu kasiir (ibn kathir) waxa uu ka yiri aayaddaas: tani waa hanuunin uu alle ku hanuuninayo hooyooyinka inay carruurtooda u dhammaystiraan naas nuujinta, waana laba sano, wixi intaa dhaafsiisanna looma ictibaarinayo naas nuujin, sidaa awgeed ayuu yiri:[ أن يتم الرضـاعــة لمـن أراد ] oo micnaheedu yahay; qofki doonaya inuu naas nuujinta dhammeystiro.
Qataadah ibnu dacaamah waxa uu yiri: naas nuujinta waxa ay noqon lahayd waajib haddii uunan ilaah raacin lahayn aayadda qeybteeda dabe ee micnaheed yahay qofki doonaya inuu naas nuujinta dhammeystiro.
Muhiimadda naas nuujinta
Quraanka kariimka ah waxa uu caddeeyay muhiimadda naas nuujinta leedahay, isagoo ka dhigay nooca cuntada ee ugu fiican oo ilmaha la siinayo labada sano ee ugu horreeya noloshooda, itaas oo dhanna waxa ay ku caddahay hal aayad oo qura taasoo ah mucjisada uu wato quraanka.
Seddex qarni ka hor ayaa hay'adaha Caafimaadka iyo kuwa Daryeelka hooyada ee reer galbeedka waxa ay billaabeen inay u dardaarmaan hooyooyinka inay carruurtooda naaska nuujiyaan 6da bilood ee ugu horreysa noloshooda, balse muddo kaddib ayay siyaadiyeen oo ay ka dhigeen hal sano, sanado kaddibna waxay ka dhigeen 2 sano oo kaamil ah. Arrintan ayaa timid kaddib markii tobannaan sano ay wadeen cilmi baarisyo ku baxday tobannaan milyan oo dollar, waxayna ogaadeen in naas nuujinta ay waqtigaas iyo lacagtaas faraha badani ku baxday uu aad ufaah faahiyay quraanka kariimka ah 14 qarni ka hor.
Ururka Caafimaadka adduunka WHO iyo sanduuqa badbaadada carruurta UNICEF waxa ay sheegeen in hal malyan iyo bar carruur ah ay sanad kasta dunida ugu dhintaan hooyada oo aan naaskeeda nuujin darteed [1], inteeda badana ay ka dhalato carruurta oo la siiyo caanaha gasacadeysan (caanaha lo'da) laguna siiyo basaasadda oo ay adagtahay in si fiican loo nadiifiyo. Iyadoo tiro dhan 9 milyan oo kalene ay nafaqo darro soo food saarto sababtoo ah caanaha oo si aad ah loo barxo, taasoo horseedda inay carruurta ku dhacaan cudurro badan oo dhimasho keena [2, 3].
Siyaasadda naas nuujinta ee akaademiyada mareykanka ee caafimaadka carruurta American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), waxa ay leedahay:'' dib udhig miisaamidda, qiyaasaha (dhererka iwm), u meyridda iyo irbadeynta ilaa uu ilmaha ka dhammeysto naas nuugidda kowaad''.
Carol Huotari oo la taliye ka ah kooxda Le Leche League International ee dhiiri galisa naas nuujinta ayaa tiri: suurta gal ma aha in caanaha la warshadeeyay ay udhigmaan caanaha naaska hooyada, xataa haddii ay sharikaadka caanaha sameeya isku taxalujiyaan inay usoo dhaweeyaan kuwa hooyada, waxa ayna kala sinnaan karin faa'iidooyinka nafsadeed, jaceyl iyo isbedellada hormuun iyo dhisme ee ka dhasha nuujinta dabiiciga ah [4, 5]. Sida ay caddeeyeen cilmibaarisyo la sameeyayna caanaha hooyda waa cuntada ugu faa'iidada badan ilmaha xataa naaska hooyo kale.
Naas nuujinta xilliga tignoolajiyada
Inkastoo ay jiraan waanooyin fara badan oo soo noqnoqda, haddana 50% ka mid ah hooyooyinka mareykanka ayaa ilmahooda nuujiya marka ay umulaan, 22% ayaa iyana nuujiya carruurtooda muddo 6 bilood ah, halka 45% hooyooyinka iswiidhan udhashay ay carruurtooda nuujiyaan muddo 9 bilood ah.
Hooyooyinka carruurtooda nuujiya 12 bilood waxa ay gaartay dalka ustareeliya 21.2%, dalka ingiriiskana 21%, taliyaanigana 9.3% [6, 7, 8, 9]. waxaana xusid mudan in inka yar 2% oo qura hooyooinka ay yihiin kuwa aanan awoodin naas nuujinta sababo caafimaad awgood [ 10 ].
Faa'iidooyinka caanaha hooyadu uleeyihiin carruurta
1.Korriinshaha garaadka:-
Daraasad lagu sameeyay dalka Mareykanka ayaa muujinaysa in xiriir adag ka dhexeeyo garaadka ilmaha/ kartidiisa wax garasho iyo Muddada uu naaska hooyadiis nuugayay. Carruurta nuugayay naaska in kabadan 18 bilood iyo ka badan waxa ay dhigeen iskoor 6-8 dhibcood ka sareeya kuwa la siiyay caanaha la warshadeeyay marki laga qaaday cabbirka garaadka ee loo yaqaan IQ [ 11,12,13].
Waxaa kale oo jira daraasado taageeraya arrintan oo lagu sameeyay dalalka Denmark, New Zealand iyo UK.
2.Difaaca jirka:-
Caanaha naaska hooyada waxay uga soocanyihiin kuwa xoolaha iyo kuwa la warshadeeyayba inay yihiin daawo iyo cunto. Dambarka oo ah caanaha ugu horreeya ee ka yimaada naaska hooyada, socdana 3da maalmood ee ugu horreeya ilaa usbuuca kowaad waxa ay muhiim uyihiin nolosha ilmaha iyo difaaciisa ka hortaga cudurrada, waxaa ku jira walxaha difaaca ee looyaqaan globulins gaar ahaan (IgA, IgG), oo lagama maarmaan u ah ka hortagga noocyada bakteeriyada, qaar ka mid ah fayrasyada sida kan keena sinyarada ama dabeesha ee loo yaqaan (polio), kan keena jadecada iyo ka keena qaaman bararka (qaamow qashiir) ama (mumps), waxaa kale oo ay ka hortagaan xanuunnada ku dhaca sanka, dhegaha, hunguriga iyo dheefshiidka [[14]].
Waxaa kale oo intaa sii dheer caanaha hooyada waxaa ku jira borotiinnada difaaca jirka ee loo yaqaan interferon lana dagaalama fayrasyada, laaktoferrin iyo laysosaym, qaar ka mid ah walxaha loo yaqaan complements iyo tiro fara badan oo ah unugyada cad cad ee dhiigga. Hal qaaddo (mulqacad yar) oo caanaha hooyada ah waxaa ku jira ilaa 3 milyan oo unugyada difaaca jirka ah [ [15] ], halka caanaha la warshadeeyay aaney ku jirin wax unugyada iyo borotiinnada difaaca jirka ah [[16],[17]].
Waxaa intaa sii dheer, in carruurta aan naaska la nuujin ee la siiyo caanaha caadiga ah ama kuwa la warshadeeyay ay aad uliidato la qabsigooda tallaalka carruurta [[18][19]], kana hooseyso kuwa naaska la nuujiyo ilaa 500 jeer [[20]].
3. Infekshinada:-
Unugyada difaaca jirka waxa ay ka hortagaan noocyo fara badan oo bakteeriya ah sida: Cholera vibrio oo sababta daacuunka, E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, iyo qaar ka mid ah fayrasyada sida: Coxaki-B viruses, Herpes simplex iyo Polio virus.
Cudurrada kale ee ku badan carruurta aan naaska hooyadood la nuujin waxaa ka mid ah; cudurrada neef mareenka iyo Kuwa dheef shiidka sida shubanka.
4. Buurnaashaha:-
Daraasaduhu waxa ay muujinayaan in buurnaashaha ay ku badantahay carruurta aan la nuujin naaska hooyada ee la siiyo caanaha lo'da ama kuwa la warshadeeyay, kuwa naaska la nuujiyo waqti dheerna ay ku yartahay buurnaashaha.
Naas nuujinta waxa ay hoos udhigtaa buurnaashah xad dhaafka ah ee carruurta da'doodu udhexeyso 39 ilaa 42 bilood [[21]], habka ka hortaga buurnaanta ee naa nuujintana waxa uu sii kordhaa markasta oo uu sii dheeraado waqtiga naas nuujinta [[22],[23]].
5. Cudurrada xasaasiyada ama cuncunka:-
Daraasadaha waxay caddaynayaan in carruurta la siiyo caanaha lo'da ama kuwa la warshadeeyay ay ku badantahay xasaasiyada noocyadeeda kala duwan, Tusaale ahaan; xasaasiyada dheefshiidka 50-60% [[24],[25]], neef mareenka 30%, cuncunka maqaarka 70%, taana waxaa ugu wacan borotiinada ku jira caanaha lo'da oo aaney xamili karin carruurta dhaliyana tiro badan oo xasaasiyada ah.
6. Kaadi macaan:-
Naas nuujinta dabiiciga ah (gaarka ah) waxa ay ka hortagtaa kaadi macaanka (nooca 1aad) ee caadiyan ku dhaca carruurta da'da yar [[26],[27],[28],[29]], waxa ayna hoos udhigtaa xaddi dhan 25- 50%, sababtuna waxa weeyaan borotiinnada ku jira caanaha lo'da waxa ay dhiiri geliyaan difaaca jirka inuu weeraro ganaca isla markaana bur buriyo.
Waxaa kale oo la ogaaday in naa nuujinta qeyb ahaan ka hortagto Kaadi macaanka nooca 2aad [22, 23] sababtoo ah raadka ay ku leedahay Buurnaashaha carruurta [[30]].
7. Cudurro kale:-
Naas nuujinta caadiga ah waxa ay ka hortagtaa cudurro kale oo aan ahayn kuwa kor ku qoran, sida cudurka loo yaqaan (celiac disease), shubanka, lafa jileec, maskax garaadka, kansarrada qaar, xanuunnada kaadi mareenka iyo kuwo kale.
8. Dareenka nafsiyadeed ee ilmaha yar:-
Daraasaduhu waxa ay caddeeyeen in naas nuujinta dabiiciga ah iyo laab ku qabashada ilmaha ay door weyn ka cayaarto korriinshahooda iyo kalsoonida nafsadeed, saameynna ku yeelato dhaqanka ilmaha mustaqbalka. Waxaa kale oo ay daraasadu isla xariirisay falalka dambiyadeed ee dhalinyaranimada iyo naas nuujin la'aanta carruurta.
Faa'iidooyinka hooyada ay ka helayso naas nuujinta
1. Kansarka:-
Naas nuujinta waxay dawr weyn ka cayaartaa ka hortagga kansarrada ku dhaca naasaha, ugxan sidaha iyo ilma galeenka [ [31],[32],[33],[34] ]. Daraasado gaaraya 47 daraasadood oo laga sameeyay 30 dal waxa ay muujinayaan in hooyooyinka naaska nuujiyay muddo 6 bilood ah dalalkaas ay hoos udhitay 25kun oo xaaladood oo sanad kasta dhici jiray, halka naas nuujinta muddo 12 bilood ah ay hoos udhigtay 50 kun oo xaaladood sanad kasta [[35]]. Daraasaduhu waxaa kale oo ay sheegeen arrin cajiib leh oo ah in gabdhaha naaska la nuujiyay inta ay yaraayeen ay hoos udhacayso 25% inuu ku dhaco kansarka naasaha [[36],[37]].
2. Kaadi macaanka:-
Daraasad ay si wada jir ah u sameeyeen Jaamacadda caanka ah ee Harvard iyo isbitaalka haweenka ee Boston ayaa tibaaxday in hooyada nuujisa naaska carruurteeda muddo dheer ay yartahay inuu ku dhaco kaadi macaanka, sababtuse weli lama qeexin [[38]].
3. Isku uruuridda ilma galeenka:-
Naas nuujinta waxa ay gacan ka geysataa isu uruurka raximka iyo inuu ku soo laabto dhumucdiisi caaidga ahayd, sababtuna waxa weeye; naas nuujinta waxa ay badisaa soo saarista hormuunka la yiraahdo Oksitosiin (Oxytocin) oo lagama maarmaan u ah ka soo saaridda caanaha naaska, iyo isu uruuridda raximka iyo ku noqoshadiisa xaaladdi iyo muggiisi ka hor uurka, waxa uuna sababaa yareynta dhiig bax ku dhaca hooyada kaddib marka ay umusho [[39]].
4. Dhismaha jirka:-
Naas nuujinta waxa ay kaalin weyn ka cayaartaa dhalaalinta xeydha ku uruurtay jirka haweeneyda xilligii uurka, waxa ayna usuuragelisaa hooyada inay dib ugu soo laabato muuqaalkii jireed ee ay lahayd ka hor uurka muddo bil gudaheed ah [[40]], waayo soo saarista caanaha waxa ay ubaahantahay tamar dhan 500 kalori maalin kasta. Dumarka aan naaska nuujinaynin si ay tamartaas u isticmaalaan waxa ay ubaahanyihiin inay alamiinteeyaan in kabadan saacad maalin kasta [[41]].
5. Uureysiga:-
Naas nuujinta waxa ay ka hortagtaa inay uur qaaddo hooyada wax nuuinaysa 98% lixda bilood ee ugu horreysa. Naas nuujinta waxay kordhisaa soo saarista hormuunka la yiraahdo Prolactin ee sameeya caanaha, isla markaana ka joojiya ugxan sidaha inuu soo saaro ugxanta, taasoo keenta in hooyada naaska nuujinaysa uunan dhiigga caadada ka imaan 6da bilood ee ugu horreeya, mararka qaarna dhaafta sanad. Waxayna keentaa in ilmuhu kala fogaadaan, taasoo faa'iido u ah hooyada iyo ilamaha naaska nuugaya.
Waxaa diyaariyay:
Dr. C/qaadir C/llaahi Cumar (Dr.Insi)
Kulliyadda Caafimaadka,
Jaamacadda UST, Sanca, Yemen.
Email: insi12@hotmail.com ama insiyare@yahoo.co.uk
Qeybta 1aad…
Tusmo
1. Arar
2. Muhiimadda naas nuujinta
3. Naas nuujinta casriga Tignoolajiyada
4. Faa'iidooyinka caanaha hooyadu uleeyihiin carruurta:
Korriinshaha garaadka
Difaaca jirka
Infekshinada
Buurnaashaha
Cudurrada xasaasiyada ama cuncunka
Kaadi macaan
Cudurro kale
Dareenka nafsiyadeed ee ilmaha yar
5. Faa'iidooyinka hooyada ay ka helayso naas nuujinta:
Kansarka
Kaadi macaanka
Isku uruuridda ilma galeenka
Dhismaha jirka
Uureysiga (uur qaadid)
6. Caanaha hooyada iyo caanaha warshadeysan ama xoolaha
7. Isbarbardhigga caanaha hooyada iyo caanaha warshadeysan
8. Miisaanka u kordhaya carruurta naaska nuugta
9. Naas nuujinta gaarka ah
10. Tixraaca Qormada
Arar
Waxaa mahad oo dhan iska leh allaah sw, allahii nagu hanuuniyay diinta islaamka na tusana dariiqa Cilmiga iyo aqoonta, nabad gelyo iyo naxariis ha ahaato nabigeena dushiisa.
Intaa kaddib, haddii ilaah noo suurageliyo waxaan soo bandhigayaa qormadan aadka uxiisaha badan ee diiradda saareysa naas nuujinta faa'iidada ay uleedahay carruurta iyo hooyada labaduba, anigoo soo qaadanaya daraasado ay sameeyeen saynisyahanno reer galbeed ah. Waxaa kale oo ku jira qormadan isbarbardhig aan ku sameynayo waxyaabaha ku jira caanaha hooyada iyo kuwa ku jira caanaha lo'da iyo weliba faa'iidada mid waliba leedahay iyo faa'iido darradaoodaba.
Qormadan waxay aad u anfacaysaa qeybaha bulshada oo idil, si gaar ah hooyooyinka soomaaliyeed oo intooda badan aan aqoon ulahayn faa'iidada ay caanaha naaska u leeyihiin carruurta. Dadka qaar baana aaminsan in caanaha naaska ay barax yihiin oo aaney ilmaha wax nafci ah ulahayn, sidaa awgeed waxaan filayaa in dad badan ay ka ororsan doonaan cilmi aaney horey u ogeyn.
Naas nuujinta
Ilaah sw waxa uu quraankiisa ku leeyahay:
أن يُتّم الرضـاعــة) (و الوالـدات يُرضِعن أولادهن حَولين كاملـين لمـن أراد
Suurat Albaqarah, aayadda 233aad.
Aayaddan waxa ay tilmaamaysaa seddex arrimood oo muhiim ah, waxa ayna kala yihiin:-
1. Ahamiyadda in hooyada naaskeeda nuujiso ilmaheeda yar, cuntana ay unoqdaan caanaha naaskeeda, maya caana xoolaad.
2. in naas nuujinta socoto muddo dheer.
3. in naas nuujintu ku buuxsameyso 2 sano, si ilmuhu u helaan faa'iidooyinkeeda xag caafimaad iyo xag sharciyadeedba.
Ereyga naas nuujin iyo kuwa laga soo dhiraandhiriyay waxa uu ku soo arooray quraanka kariimka ah 11 jeer.
Sheekh ibnu kasiir (ibn kathir) waxa uu ka yiri aayaddaas: tani waa hanuunin uu alle ku hanuuninayo hooyooyinka inay carruurtooda u dhammaystiraan naas nuujinta, waana laba sano, wixi intaa dhaafsiisanna looma ictibaarinayo naas nuujin, sidaa awgeed ayuu yiri:[ أن يتم الرضـاعــة لمـن أراد ] oo micnaheedu yahay; qofki doonaya inuu naas nuujinta dhammeystiro.
Qataadah ibnu dacaamah waxa uu yiri: naas nuujinta waxa ay noqon lahayd waajib haddii uunan ilaah raacin lahayn aayadda qeybteeda dabe ee micnaheed yahay qofki doonaya inuu naas nuujinta dhammeystiro.
Muhiimadda naas nuujinta
Quraanka kariimka ah waxa uu caddeeyay muhiimadda naas nuujinta leedahay, isagoo ka dhigay nooca cuntada ee ugu fiican oo ilmaha la siinayo labada sano ee ugu horreeya noloshooda, itaas oo dhanna waxa ay ku caddahay hal aayad oo qura taasoo ah mucjisada uu wato quraanka.
Seddex qarni ka hor ayaa hay'adaha Caafimaadka iyo kuwa Daryeelka hooyada ee reer galbeedka waxa ay billaabeen inay u dardaarmaan hooyooyinka inay carruurtooda naaska nuujiyaan 6da bilood ee ugu horreysa noloshooda, balse muddo kaddib ayay siyaadiyeen oo ay ka dhigeen hal sano, sanado kaddibna waxay ka dhigeen 2 sano oo kaamil ah. Arrintan ayaa timid kaddib markii tobannaan sano ay wadeen cilmi baarisyo ku baxday tobannaan milyan oo dollar, waxayna ogaadeen in naas nuujinta ay waqtigaas iyo lacagtaas faraha badani ku baxday uu aad ufaah faahiyay quraanka kariimka ah 14 qarni ka hor.
Ururka Caafimaadka adduunka WHO iyo sanduuqa badbaadada carruurta UNICEF waxa ay sheegeen in hal malyan iyo bar carruur ah ay sanad kasta dunida ugu dhintaan hooyada oo aan naaskeeda nuujin darteed [1], inteeda badana ay ka dhalato carruurta oo la siiyo caanaha gasacadeysan (caanaha lo'da) laguna siiyo basaasadda oo ay adagtahay in si fiican loo nadiifiyo. Iyadoo tiro dhan 9 milyan oo kalene ay nafaqo darro soo food saarto sababtoo ah caanaha oo si aad ah loo barxo, taasoo horseedda inay carruurta ku dhacaan cudurro badan oo dhimasho keena [2, 3].
Siyaasadda naas nuujinta ee akaademiyada mareykanka ee caafimaadka carruurta American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), waxa ay leedahay:'' dib udhig miisaamidda, qiyaasaha (dhererka iwm), u meyridda iyo irbadeynta ilaa uu ilmaha ka dhammeysto naas nuugidda kowaad''.
Carol Huotari oo la taliye ka ah kooxda Le Leche League International ee dhiiri galisa naas nuujinta ayaa tiri: suurta gal ma aha in caanaha la warshadeeyay ay udhigmaan caanaha naaska hooyada, xataa haddii ay sharikaadka caanaha sameeya isku taxalujiyaan inay usoo dhaweeyaan kuwa hooyada, waxa ayna kala sinnaan karin faa'iidooyinka nafsadeed, jaceyl iyo isbedellada hormuun iyo dhisme ee ka dhasha nuujinta dabiiciga ah [4, 5]. Sida ay caddeeyeen cilmibaarisyo la sameeyayna caanaha hooyda waa cuntada ugu faa'iidada badan ilmaha xataa naaska hooyo kale.
Naas nuujinta xilliga tignoolajiyada
Inkastoo ay jiraan waanooyin fara badan oo soo noqnoqda, haddana 50% ka mid ah hooyooyinka mareykanka ayaa ilmahooda nuujiya marka ay umulaan, 22% ayaa iyana nuujiya carruurtooda muddo 6 bilood ah, halka 45% hooyooyinka iswiidhan udhashay ay carruurtooda nuujiyaan muddo 9 bilood ah.
Hooyooyinka carruurtooda nuujiya 12 bilood waxa ay gaartay dalka ustareeliya 21.2%, dalka ingiriiskana 21%, taliyaanigana 9.3% [6, 7, 8, 9]. waxaana xusid mudan in inka yar 2% oo qura hooyooinka ay yihiin kuwa aanan awoodin naas nuujinta sababo caafimaad awgood [ 10 ].
Faa'iidooyinka caanaha hooyadu uleeyihiin carruurta
1.Korriinshaha garaadka:-
Daraasad lagu sameeyay dalka Mareykanka ayaa muujinaysa in xiriir adag ka dhexeeyo garaadka ilmaha/ kartidiisa wax garasho iyo Muddada uu naaska hooyadiis nuugayay. Carruurta nuugayay naaska in kabadan 18 bilood iyo ka badan waxa ay dhigeen iskoor 6-8 dhibcood ka sareeya kuwa la siiyay caanaha la warshadeeyay marki laga qaaday cabbirka garaadka ee loo yaqaan IQ [ 11,12,13].
Waxaa kale oo jira daraasado taageeraya arrintan oo lagu sameeyay dalalka Denmark, New Zealand iyo UK.
2.Difaaca jirka:-
Caanaha naaska hooyada waxay uga soocanyihiin kuwa xoolaha iyo kuwa la warshadeeyayba inay yihiin daawo iyo cunto. Dambarka oo ah caanaha ugu horreeya ee ka yimaada naaska hooyada, socdana 3da maalmood ee ugu horreeya ilaa usbuuca kowaad waxa ay muhiim uyihiin nolosha ilmaha iyo difaaciisa ka hortaga cudurrada, waxaa ku jira walxaha difaaca ee looyaqaan globulins gaar ahaan (IgA, IgG), oo lagama maarmaan u ah ka hortagga noocyada bakteeriyada, qaar ka mid ah fayrasyada sida kan keena sinyarada ama dabeesha ee loo yaqaan (polio), kan keena jadecada iyo ka keena qaaman bararka (qaamow qashiir) ama (mumps), waxaa kale oo ay ka hortagaan xanuunnada ku dhaca sanka, dhegaha, hunguriga iyo dheefshiidka [[14]].
Waxaa kale oo intaa sii dheer caanaha hooyada waxaa ku jira borotiinnada difaaca jirka ee loo yaqaan interferon lana dagaalama fayrasyada, laaktoferrin iyo laysosaym, qaar ka mid ah walxaha loo yaqaan complements iyo tiro fara badan oo ah unugyada cad cad ee dhiigga. Hal qaaddo (mulqacad yar) oo caanaha hooyada ah waxaa ku jira ilaa 3 milyan oo unugyada difaaca jirka ah [ [15] ], halka caanaha la warshadeeyay aaney ku jirin wax unugyada iyo borotiinnada difaaca jirka ah [[16],[17]].
Waxaa intaa sii dheer, in carruurta aan naaska la nuujin ee la siiyo caanaha caadiga ah ama kuwa la warshadeeyay ay aad uliidato la qabsigooda tallaalka carruurta [[18][19]], kana hooseyso kuwa naaska la nuujiyo ilaa 500 jeer [[20]].
3. Infekshinada:-
Unugyada difaaca jirka waxa ay ka hortagaan noocyo fara badan oo bakteeriya ah sida: Cholera vibrio oo sababta daacuunka, E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, iyo qaar ka mid ah fayrasyada sida: Coxaki-B viruses, Herpes simplex iyo Polio virus.
Cudurrada kale ee ku badan carruurta aan naaska hooyadood la nuujin waxaa ka mid ah; cudurrada neef mareenka iyo Kuwa dheef shiidka sida shubanka.
4. Buurnaashaha:-
Daraasaduhu waxa ay muujinayaan in buurnaashaha ay ku badantahay carruurta aan la nuujin naaska hooyada ee la siiyo caanaha lo'da ama kuwa la warshadeeyay, kuwa naaska la nuujiyo waqti dheerna ay ku yartahay buurnaashaha.
Naas nuujinta waxa ay hoos udhigtaa buurnaashah xad dhaafka ah ee carruurta da'doodu udhexeyso 39 ilaa 42 bilood [[21]], habka ka hortaga buurnaanta ee naa nuujintana waxa uu sii kordhaa markasta oo uu sii dheeraado waqtiga naas nuujinta [[22],[23]].
5. Cudurrada xasaasiyada ama cuncunka:-
Daraasadaha waxay caddaynayaan in carruurta la siiyo caanaha lo'da ama kuwa la warshadeeyay ay ku badantahay xasaasiyada noocyadeeda kala duwan, Tusaale ahaan; xasaasiyada dheefshiidka 50-60% [[24],[25]], neef mareenka 30%, cuncunka maqaarka 70%, taana waxaa ugu wacan borotiinada ku jira caanaha lo'da oo aaney xamili karin carruurta dhaliyana tiro badan oo xasaasiyada ah.
6. Kaadi macaan:-
Naas nuujinta dabiiciga ah (gaarka ah) waxa ay ka hortagtaa kaadi macaanka (nooca 1aad) ee caadiyan ku dhaca carruurta da'da yar [[26],[27],[28],[29]], waxa ayna hoos udhigtaa xaddi dhan 25- 50%, sababtuna waxa weeyaan borotiinnada ku jira caanaha lo'da waxa ay dhiiri geliyaan difaaca jirka inuu weeraro ganaca isla markaana bur buriyo.
Waxaa kale oo la ogaaday in naa nuujinta qeyb ahaan ka hortagto Kaadi macaanka nooca 2aad [22, 23] sababtoo ah raadka ay ku leedahay Buurnaashaha carruurta [[30]].
7. Cudurro kale:-
Naas nuujinta caadiga ah waxa ay ka hortagtaa cudurro kale oo aan ahayn kuwa kor ku qoran, sida cudurka loo yaqaan (celiac disease), shubanka, lafa jileec, maskax garaadka, kansarrada qaar, xanuunnada kaadi mareenka iyo kuwo kale.
8. Dareenka nafsiyadeed ee ilmaha yar:-
Daraasaduhu waxa ay caddeeyeen in naas nuujinta dabiiciga ah iyo laab ku qabashada ilmaha ay door weyn ka cayaarto korriinshahooda iyo kalsoonida nafsadeed, saameynna ku yeelato dhaqanka ilmaha mustaqbalka. Waxaa kale oo ay daraasadu isla xariirisay falalka dambiyadeed ee dhalinyaranimada iyo naas nuujin la'aanta carruurta.
Faa'iidooyinka hooyada ay ka helayso naas nuujinta
1. Kansarka:-
Naas nuujinta waxay dawr weyn ka cayaartaa ka hortagga kansarrada ku dhaca naasaha, ugxan sidaha iyo ilma galeenka [ [31],[32],[33],[34] ]. Daraasado gaaraya 47 daraasadood oo laga sameeyay 30 dal waxa ay muujinayaan in hooyooyinka naaska nuujiyay muddo 6 bilood ah dalalkaas ay hoos udhitay 25kun oo xaaladood oo sanad kasta dhici jiray, halka naas nuujinta muddo 12 bilood ah ay hoos udhigtay 50 kun oo xaaladood sanad kasta [[35]]. Daraasaduhu waxaa kale oo ay sheegeen arrin cajiib leh oo ah in gabdhaha naaska la nuujiyay inta ay yaraayeen ay hoos udhacayso 25% inuu ku dhaco kansarka naasaha [[36],[37]].
2. Kaadi macaanka:-
Daraasad ay si wada jir ah u sameeyeen Jaamacadda caanka ah ee Harvard iyo isbitaalka haweenka ee Boston ayaa tibaaxday in hooyada nuujisa naaska carruurteeda muddo dheer ay yartahay inuu ku dhaco kaadi macaanka, sababtuse weli lama qeexin [[38]].
3. Isku uruuridda ilma galeenka:-
Naas nuujinta waxa ay gacan ka geysataa isu uruurka raximka iyo inuu ku soo laabto dhumucdiisi caaidga ahayd, sababtuna waxa weeye; naas nuujinta waxa ay badisaa soo saarista hormuunka la yiraahdo Oksitosiin (Oxytocin) oo lagama maarmaan u ah ka soo saaridda caanaha naaska, iyo isu uruuridda raximka iyo ku noqoshadiisa xaaladdi iyo muggiisi ka hor uurka, waxa uuna sababaa yareynta dhiig bax ku dhaca hooyada kaddib marka ay umusho [[39]].
4. Dhismaha jirka:-
Naas nuujinta waxa ay kaalin weyn ka cayaartaa dhalaalinta xeydha ku uruurtay jirka haweeneyda xilligii uurka, waxa ayna usuuragelisaa hooyada inay dib ugu soo laabato muuqaalkii jireed ee ay lahayd ka hor uurka muddo bil gudaheed ah [[40]], waayo soo saarista caanaha waxa ay ubaahantahay tamar dhan 500 kalori maalin kasta. Dumarka aan naaska nuujinaynin si ay tamartaas u isticmaalaan waxa ay ubaahanyihiin inay alamiinteeyaan in kabadan saacad maalin kasta [[41]].
5. Uureysiga:-
Naas nuujinta waxa ay ka hortagtaa inay uur qaaddo hooyada wax nuuinaysa 98% lixda bilood ee ugu horreysa. Naas nuujinta waxay kordhisaa soo saarista hormuunka la yiraahdo Prolactin ee sameeya caanaha, isla markaana ka joojiya ugxan sidaha inuu soo saaro ugxanta, taasoo keenta in hooyada naaska nuujinaysa uunan dhiigga caadada ka imaan 6da bilood ee ugu horreeya, mararka qaarna dhaafta sanad. Waxayna keentaa in ilmuhu kala fogaadaan, taasoo faa'iido u ah hooyada iyo ilamaha naaska nuugaya.
Sunday, 2 May 2010
Opinion
Civil war is one of the developmental levels in human being, and Somalia is now swimming in that pool.
Every country in super power group had played its role in civil war, so don't understimate my country, we are now getting the first step of development.
Every country in super power group had played its role in civil war, so don't understimate my country, we are now getting the first step of development.
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